Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

o         REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

x      ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

OR

o         TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

o           SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-38896

Luckin Coffee Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

28th Floor, Building T3, Haixi Jingu Plaza

1-3 Taibei Road

Siming District, Xiamen City, Fujian

People’s Republic of China, 361008

(Address of principal executive offices)

Mr. Reinout Hendrik Schakel, Chief Financial Officer
Tel: +86-592-3386666

Email: ir@luckincoffee.com

28th Floor, Building T3, Haixi Jingu Plaza

1-3 Taibei Road

Siming District, Xiamen City, Fujian
People’s Republic of China, 361008

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile Number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

*  Not for trading, but only in connection with the quoting of the American depositary shares on the OTC Market.

Table of Contents

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

2,025,174,796 ordinary shares, comprised of 1,880,396,244 Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.000002 per share, and 144,778,552 Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.000002 per share, as of December 31, 2020.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes o No x

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes o No x

Note — Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. o

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

o Item 17 o Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes o No x

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

Yes o No o

Table of Contents

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 have been audited by Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”). Our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020 have been audited by Centurion ZD CPA & Co. in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB.

In March 2020, our Board of Directors (the “Board”) formed a special committee (the “Special Committee”) to oversee an internal investigation (the “Internal Investigation”) into certain issues raised to the Board’s attention during the audit of our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. In April 2020, the Special Committee brought to the Board’s attention that certain management and employees reporting to them had engaged in misconduct, including fabricating certain transactions. On July 1, 2020, we announced that the Special Committee had substantially completed the Internal Investigation and found that the fabrication of transactions by certain management and employees reporting to them (the “Fabricated Transactions”) began in April 2019 and that, as a result, our net revenue in 2019 was inflated by approximately RMB2.12 billion (US$0.31 billion), and our costs and expenses were inflated by approximately RMB1.34 billion (US$0.2 billion).

Our delay in the filing of this annual report was primarily due to the significant time required to complete the preparation of the annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, including the restatement of certain of our previously announced financial results as the result of the Fabricated Transactions.

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

Except where the context otherwise requires and for purposes of this annual report only:

·                  “ADSs” refers to the American depositary shares, each representing eight of our Class A ordinary shares;

·                  “Beijing WFOE” refers to Beijing Luckin Coffee Co., Ltd.;

·                  “China” or “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for the purpose of this annual report only, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau;

·                  “Class A ordinary shares” refers to our Class A ordinary shares of par value US$0.000002 per share;

·                  “Class B ordinary shares” refers to our Class B ordinary shares of par value US$0.000002 per share;

·                  “Company” refers to Luckin Coffee Inc., a Cayman Islands exempted company;

·                  “item sold” refers to an item transacted on our mobile apps or through third-party platforms in a given period, regardless of whether the item was paid for or was merely ordered through our free product marketing initiative;

·                  “Luckin,” “we,” “us,” “our company,” and “our” refer to Luckin Coffee Inc., a Cayman Islands exempted company, its subsidiaries and, in the context of describing our operations and consolidated financial statements, its variable interest entity;

·                  “Ordinary Shares” as of the date hereof refers to our Class A and Class B ordinary shares of par value US$0.000002 per share and, prior to the completion of our initial public offering, our ordinary shares and angel-1 and angel-2 shares of par value US$0.001 per share;

·                  “our mobile apps” refers to our self-developed mobile apps, primarily including Luckin mobile apps and Weixin mini program;

·                  “RMB” or “Renminbi” refers to the legal currency of the People’s Republic of China;

·                  “transacting customer” refers to a customer who bought at least one item we offer on our mobile apps or through third-party platforms in a given period, regardless of whether the customer paid for the item or merely ordered through our free product marketing initiative. Each unique mobile account is treated as a separate customer for purposes of calculating transacting customer;

·                  “US$,” “dollars” or “U.S. dollars” refers to the legal currency of the United States; and

·                  “variable interest entity” or “VIE” refers to Beijing Luckin Coffee Technology Ltd., which is a PRC company in which we do not have equity interests but whose financial results have been consolidated into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP, due to our having effective control over, and our being the primary beneficiary of, such entity.

Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to Renminbi in this annual report are made at RMB6.5250 to US$1.00, the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board on December 31, 2020. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, the rates stated below, or at all.

Luckin Coffee Inc. is a Cayman Islands holding company that conducts its operations and operate its business in China through its PRC subsidiaries and VIE (as defined above). Such structure involves unique risks to investors. See “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure—We are a Cayman Islands holding company. As a result, you may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China against us or our management based on foreign laws.” Moreover, if the PRC government deems that our contractual arrangements with our VIE do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, if any of our business operations carried out by our subsidiaries were to be restricted or prohibited from foreign investment, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in the affected operations.

We face various risks and uncertainties related to doing business in China. The PRC government has significant authority to exert influence on the ability of a China-based company, such as us, to conduct its business and accept foreign investments. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals on offshore securities offerings, oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy, as well as the lack of PCAOB inspection on our auditors. For a detailed description of risks related to doing business in China, see “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China.”

i

Table of Contents

FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION AND RISK FACTORS SUMMARY

This annual report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events.

You can identify these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “likely to” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

·                  our mission, vision and growth strategies;

·                  our future business development, results of operations and financial condition;

·                  relevant government policies and regulations relating to our business and industry;

·                  the legal and governmental proceedings, investigations and information requests against us;

·                  the ongoing restructuring of our financial obligations;

·                  the potential settlement of contingent liabilities pursuant to litigations filed or threatened to be filed against us;

·                  general economic and business condition in China;

·                  the changes and developments of the international geopolitical environment; and

·                  assumptions underlying or related to any of the foregoing.

We would like to caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements and you should read these statements and the summary of the risk factors below in conjunction with the risk factors disclosed in “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors.” Other sections of this annual report include additional factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise the forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required under applicable law. You should read this annual report and the documents that we reference in this annual report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

Important factors that could cause actual future results to differ materially from our expectations include, among others, the following:

·                  the expense, timing and outcome of legal and governmental proceedings, investigations and information requests relating to, among other matters, our disclosure and accounting practices, including the impact by our settlement with the SEC, pending and ongoing investigations by the U.S. and PRC authorities, a number of pending litigations, including putative class actions, and other investigations or proceedings that are ongoing or may be initiated;

·                  the outcome and effect of the ongoing restructuring of our financial obligations and our ability to obtain sufficient offshore funding to complete the restructuring;

·                  our ability to manage the transition to our current management team, the success of the management in assuming their roles and the ability of the management to implement and achieve our strategies and goals as they develop;

·                  our ability to manage the transition to our current board of directors and the success of these individuals in their roles as members of the board of directors of the Company;

·                  the effect of the non-reliance identified in, and the resultant restatement of, certain of our previously issued financial results; the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that we identified; and any claims, investigations or proceedings (and any costs, expenses, use of resources, diversion of management time and efforts, liability and damages that may result therefrom), negative publicity or reputational harm that has arisen or may arise as a result;

·                  the effectiveness of the measures implemented to remediate the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that we identified, our deficient control environment and the contributing factors leading to the misstatement of our results and the impact such measures may have on us and our businesses;

·                  potential additional litigation and regulatory investigations (and any costs, expenses, use of resources, diversion of management time and efforts, liability and damages that may result therefrom), negative publicity and reputational harm on us, products and business that may result from the recent public scrutiny of our business, disclosure and accounting practices;

·                  the impacts of changes and developments in the international geopolitical environment;

·                  the impacts of changes and developments in regulatory policies in China and the United States;

·                  the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, such as the impacts on our supply chain; and

ii

Table of Contents

·                  our substantial debt (and potential additional future indebtedness) and current and future debt service obligations, our ability to reduce our outstanding debt levels in accordance with our stated intention and the resulting impact on our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

In addition, we are faced with other risks and uncertainties, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. A summary of the principal risks we face is set forth below:

Risks Relating to Our Internal Investigation, Restatement of Our Consolidated Financial Statements, Internal Controls, Offshore Restructuring and Related Matters

·                  The previously disclosed Fabricated Transactions have exposed us to a number of legal proceedings, investigations and inquiries, resulted in significant legal and other expenses, required significant time and attention from our senior management, among other adverse impacts.

·                  We are the subject of a number of legal proceedings, investigations and inquiries by governmental agencies with respect to the Fabricated Transactions, which have had and could continue to have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations, and could result in additional claims and material liabilities.

·                  We have been named as a defendant in a number of lawsuits filed by purchasers of our securities, including class action lawsuits that could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operation and cash flows, and our reputation.

·                  Matters relating to or arising from the restatement and the Internal Investigation, including adverse publicity and potential concerns from our customers, suppliers or others with whom we do business, have had and could continue to have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

·                  If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the trading price of the ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

·                  We are negotiating an offshore restructuring of the Company’s indebtedness under the supervision of light touch joint provisional liquidators appointed pursuant to an order of the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands (the “Cayman Court”), including a restructuring of indebtedness to bondholders and settlement of certain of our contingent liabilities with respect to the Fabricated Transactions. At this stage, we cannot make an absolute assurance that the restructuring of our indebtedness will be completed and implemented or that we will reach settlement of our contingent liabilities with respect to the Fabricated Transactions.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

·                  We require a significant amount of capital to fund our operations and respond to business opportunities. If we cannot obtain sufficient capital on acceptable terms, our business, financial condition and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

·                  If we fail to acquire new customers or retain existing customers in a cost-effective manner, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

·                  Our success depends on the continuing efforts of our key management and experienced and capable personnel as well as our ability to recruit new talent. If we fail to hire, train, retain or motivate our staff, our business may suffer.

·                  Our business generates and processes a large amount of data, which subjects us to governmental regulations and other legal obligations related to privacy, information security and data protection. Any improper use or disclosure of such data by us, our employees or our business partners could subject us to significant reputational, financial, legal and operational consequences.

·                  A significant interruption in the operations of our third-party suppliers, retail partners and service providers could potentially disrupt our operations.

·                  Any significant disruption in our technology infrastructure or our failure to maintain the satisfactory performance, security and integrity of our technology infrastructure would materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

·                  We face intense competition in China’s coffee industry and food and beverage sector in general, and our products are not proprietary. If we fail to compete effectively, we may lose market share and customers, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

·                  Failure to comply with the terms of our indebtedness could result in acceleration of indebtedness, which could have an adverse effect on our cash flow and liquidity.

iii

Table of Contents

Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure

·                  We are a Cayman Islands holding company. As a result, you may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China against us or our management based on foreign laws.

·                  We established our VIE to hold certain foreign restricted licenses and permits which we may need in the future. Failure by our VIE or its nominee shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them could have an adverse effect on our business.

·                  If our VIE structure were to be deemed as a method of foreign investment under any current or future PRC laws, regulations and rules, and if any of our business operations carried out by our subsidiaries were to be restricted or prohibited from foreign investment, our current corporate structure, business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Relating to Doing Business in China

·                  Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

·                  Various legislative and regulatory developments related to U.S.-listed China-based companies and other developments due to political tensions between the United States and China may have a material adverse impact on our listing and trading in the U.S. and the trading prices of our ADSs.

·                  Trading in our ADSs may be prohibited under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if the PCAOB is unable to inspect our auditor.

·                  The approval of the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required under PRC law in connection with our offshore securities offerings, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval.

·                  If we fail to complete the NDRC filing in connection with any note offering, the NDRC may impose penalties or other administrative procedures on us.

iv

Table of Contents

PART I

ITEM 1.                                                IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2.                                                OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3.                                                KEY INFORMATION

3.A.                                      Selected Financial Data

The following selected consolidated statements of comprehensive loss data and selected consolidated cash flow data for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2019 and 2020 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are included in this annual report beginning on page F-1. The selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2018 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this annual report.

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of results expected for future periods. You should read this Selected Financial Data section together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this annual report.

1

Table of Contents

The following table presents our selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020.

*The balance of cash and cash equivalents does not include restricted cash. Restricted cash amounted to nil, RMB115,605 thousand and RMB133,022 thousand (US$20,386 thousand) as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020.

The following table presents our selected consolidated cash flow data for the years indicated below.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In evaluating the business, we consider and use adjusted operating loss and adjusted net loss, each a non-GAAP financial measure, in reviewing and assessing our operating performance. The presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures is not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with  U.S. GAAP. We present these non-GAAP financial measures because they are used by our management to evaluate operating performance and formulate business plans. We believe that the non-GAAP financial measures help identify underlying trends in our business, provide further information about our results of operations, and enhance the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects.

The non-GAAP financial measures are not defined under U.S. GAAP and are not presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools. Our non-GAAP financial measures do not reflect all items of income and expense that affect our operations and do not represent the residual cash flow available for discretionary expenditures. Furthermore, these non-GAAP measures may differ from the non-GAAP information used by other companies, including peer companies, and therefore their comparability may be limited. We compensate for these limitations by reconciling the non-GAAP financial measures to the nearest U.S. GAAP performance measure, all of which should be considered when evaluating performance. We encourage investors and others to review our financial information in its entirety and not rely on a single financial measure.

2

Table of Contents

We define non-GAAP operating loss as operating loss excluding share-based compensation expenses and impairment loss of long-lived assets, non-GAAP net loss as net loss excluding share-based compensation expenses, impairment loss of long-lived assets, change in fair value of warrant liability, provision for SEC settlement, impairment of trust investments and provision for equity litigants settlement and non-GAAP net loss attributable to our company’s ordinary shareholders and angel shareholders as net loss attributable to our company’s ordinary shareholders and angel shareholders excluding accretion to redemption value of convertible redeemable preferred shares, share-based compensation expenses, impairment loss of long-lived assets, change in fair value of warrant liability, provision for SEC settlement, impairment of trust investments and provision for equity litigants settlement. The table below sets forth a reconciliation of our operating loss to non-GAAP operating loss, our net loss to non-GAAP net loss and our net loss attributable to our company’s ordinary shareholders and angel shareholders to non-GAAP net loss attributable to our company’s ordinary shareholders and angel shareholders for the years indicated below.

3.B.                                     Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

3.C.                                      Reason for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

3.D.                                          Risk Factors

Risks Relating to Our Internal Investigation, Restatement of Our Consolidated Financial Statements, Internal Controls, Offshore Restructuring and Related Matters

The previously disclosed Fabricated Transactions have exposed us to a number of legal proceedings, investigations and inquiries, resulted in significant legal and other expenses, required significant time and attention from our senior management, among other adverse impacts.

As previously disclosed in press releases dated April 2, 2020 and July 1, 2020, the Special Committee of the Board undertook an internal investigation regarding certain Fabricated Transactions with the assistance of independent advisors during 2020.

3

Table of Contents

The Fabricated Transactions had and could continue to have material adverse impacts on us. We are the subject of a number of legal proceedings, investigations and inquiries with respect to the Fabricated Transactions and have been named as a defendant in a number of lawsuits, including class action lawsuits. We incurred significant costs in connection with the investigation, including legal expenses and cost associated with the restatement and adjustment of our financial statements. We may also incur material costs associated with our indemnification arrangements with our current and former directors and certain of our officers, as well as other indemnitees. Moreover, an unfavorable outcome in any of these matters could result in significant damages, additional penalties or other remedies imposed against us, and/or our current or former directors or officers, which could harm our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. In addition, an unfavorable outcome in any of these matters could exceed coverage provided, if any, under potentially applicable insurance policies, which is limited. For example, we currently do not have an effective director and officer liability insurance, and may not be able to obtain a director and officer liability insurance at reasonable cost or terms in the future. Following disclosure of the Fabricated Transactions, we have had difficulties in obtaining desirable insurance coverage, or any insurance coverage, regarding legal proceedings, investigations and inquiries, and we cannot assure you with any certainty that we will be able to obtain such coverage in the future. The Fabricated Transactions also led to material adverse impacts on our operations, our reputation and our relationships with business partners, as well as material adverse impacts on our financial position, including incurred costs and expenses and our ability to raise new capital in the future. Further, our senior management team devoted significant time to facilitate the Internal Investigation and is expected to continue to devote significant time and efforts to address the impacts associated with or arising from the Fabricated Transactions.

We cannot predict all impacts on us in connection with or arising from the Fabricated Transactions. Any unknown or new risks may result in a material adverse effect on us.

We are the subject of a number of legal proceedings, investigations and inquiries by governmental agencies with respect to the Fabricated Transactions, which have had and could continue to have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations, and could result in additional claims and material liabilities.

We were, have been or are currently the subject of a number of legal proceedings and investigations and inquiries by governmental agencies in various jurisdictions, including the investigations by the SEC and the U.S. Department of Justice relating to the Fabricated Transactions, the lawsuits relating to the default under the terms of the convertible senior notes indenture offered on January 10, 2020, penalty decisions from the Chinese State Administration for Market Regulation and certain of its sub-bureaus (collectively the “SAMR”) relating to the Fabricated Transactions, the investigation by the Ministry of Finance of the PRC and other regulatory and court proceedings and investigations. On September 23, 2020, we received penalty decisions from the SAMR, which found that our conduct related to the Fabricated Transactions violated the PRC Anti-Unfair Competition Laws. On December 16, 2020, we entered into settlement with the SEC regarding the Fabricated Transactions, under which we are subject to payment of penalties and are enjoined from violation of certain federal securities laws. Entering into the settlement with the SEC also results in the loss of certain exemptions or protections that were available to us under federal securities laws. On February 4, 2021, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York approved the SEC settlement. See “Item 8. Financial Information—8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”

We are unable to predict how long the ongoing proceedings, investigations and inquiries will continue, but we anticipate that we will continue to incur significant costs in connection with these matters and that these proceedings, investigations and inquiries will result in substantial diversion of management’s time, regardless of the outcome. These proceedings, investigations and inquiries may result in damages, fines, penalties, consent orders or other administrative sanctions against us and/or certain of our officers, or in changes to our business practices, among others. In addition, there might be proceedings, investigations and inquiries with respect to the Fabricated Transactions that might be uncertain or unknown to us or that might be initiated in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on us. For example, we have corrected our VAT filing to the PRC tax authorities for rectifying the revenues and VAT payable recognized in relation to the Fabricated Transactions. However, we are uncertain whether such correction in the previous VAT filing will fully resolve the matter to the satisfaction of the PRC tax authorities, and if the PRC tax authorities do not accept such correction, then the Fabricated Transactions are likely to be treated as transactions with issuance of false VAT invoices, and we may be required by the PRC tax authorities to pay corresponding VAT tax for the Fabricated Transactions. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may confiscate the illegal income and we may be subject to fines up to RMB500,000 per implicated entity, and further criminal penalties may be imposed on us if such violations are deemed to constitute criminal offenses.

Furthermore, publicity surrounding these proceedings, investigations and inquiries or any enforcement action as a result thereof, even if ultimately resolved favorably for us, coupled with the intensified public scrutiny of us and certain of our practices, could result in additional investigations and legal proceedings. Moreover, the matters that led to our Internal Investigation and our financial restatement have exposed us to increased risks of regulatory proceedings and government enforcement actions. As a result, these proceedings, investigations and inquiries could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, including our ability to raise new capital, cash flows and results of operations.

We have been named as a defendant in a number of lawsuits filed by purchasers of our securities, including class action lawsuits that could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operation and cash flows, and our reputation.

We have been named as a defendant in a number of lawsuits filed by purchasers of our securities, including class action lawsuits described in “Item 8. Financial Information—8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings,” and will have to defend against such suits, including any appeals of such suits should our initial defenses be unsuccessful. We cannot predict the outcome of these lawsuits. We are currently unable to estimate the possible loss or possible range of loss, if any, associated with the resolution of these suits. In the event that our initial defenses of these suits are unsuccessful, there can be no assurance that we will prevail in any appeal.

4

Table of Contents

The matters that led to our Internal Investigation and our financial restatement have exposed us to increased risks of litigation. We and our current and former directors and officers may, in the future, be subject to additional litigation relating to such matters. Subject to certain limitations, we are obligated to indemnify our current and former directors and officers in connection with such lawsuits and any related litigation or settlement amounts. Regardless of the outcome, these lawsuits, and any other litigation that may be brought against us or our current or former directors and officers, could be time-consuming, result in significant expense and divert the attention and resources of our management and other key employees. An unfavorable outcome in any of these matters could result in significant damages, additional penalties or other remedies imposed against us, our current or former directors or officers, which could harm our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. In addition, an unfavorable outcome in any of these matters could exceed coverage provided, if any, under potentially applicable insurance policies, which is limited. Following disclosure of the Fabricated Transactions, we have had difficulties in obtaining desirable insurance coverage, or any insurance coverage, regarding legal proceedings, investigations and inquiries, and we cannot assure you with any certainty that we will be able to obtain such coverage in the future.

Matters relating to or arising from the restatement and the Internal Investigation, including adverse publicity and potential concerns from our customers, suppliers or others with whom we do business, have had and could continue to have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

We have been and could continue to be the subject of negative publicity focusing on the restatement and adjustment of our financial statements, and we may be adversely impacted by negative reactions from our customers, suppliers or others with whom we do business. Concerns include the perception of the effort required to address our accounting and internal control environment, and the ability for us to be a long-term provider to our customers. Continued adverse publicity and potential concerns from our customers and business partners or others could harm our business and have an adverse effect on our financial condition.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the trading price of the ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. As defined in the standards established by the PCAOB, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weakness as of December 31, 2020 identified is:

·                    Lack of sufficient entity level control policies and procedures, including failure to demonstrate commitment to integrity and ethical values, lack of appropriate segregation of functions and duties and approval, including making investment decisions and usage of funds.

As a result of the material weakness, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was ineffective as of December 31, 2020.

Following the identification of the material weakness, we have taken measures to remediate it. See “Item 15. Controls and Procedures—Management’s Plan for Remediation of Material Weakness.” The implementation of these remedial measures may not fully address these deficiencies in our internal controls. Our failure to correct these deficiencies or our failure to discover and address any other deficiencies could result in inaccuracies in our financial statements and could also impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ADSs, may be materially adversely affected.

In addition, these deficiencies could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, limiting our access to capital markets, adversely affecting our operating results and leading to declines in the trading price of the ADSs. Additionally, ineffective internal controls could expose us to increased risks of fraud or misappropriation of corporate assets and subject us to regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions. We could also be required to further restate our historical financial statements.

5

Table of Contents

As a public company, we are subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“Section 404”), requires that we include a report from management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F. In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting because of the existence of a material weakness if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, as a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.

During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404, we may identify weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. Generally speaking, if we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, it could result in material misstatements in our financial statements and could also impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. As a result, our businesses, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of the ADSs, may be materially and adversely affected.

The delisting of our ADSs may continue to have a material adverse effect on the trading and price of our ADSs, and we cannot assure you that our ADSs will be relisted, or that once relisted, they will remain listed.

On July 1, 2020, we were delisted from Nasdaq when the staff of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC filed a Form 25 Notification of Delisting. The delisting of our ADSs from Nasdaq has had and may continue to have a material adverse effect on us by, among other things, causing investors to dispose of our ADSs and limiting:

·                    the liquidity of our ADSs;

·                    the market price of our ADSs;

·                    the number of institutional and other investors that will consider investing in our ADSs;

·                    the availability of information concerning the trading prices and volume of our ADSs;

·                    the number of broker-dealers willing to execute trades in our ADSs; and

·                    our ability to obtain equity or debt financing for the continuation of our operations.

The lack of an active trading market may limit the liquidity of an investment in our ADSs, meaning you may not be able to sell our ADSs you own at times, or at prices, attractive to you. Any of these factors may materially and adversely affect the price of our ADSs.

We are negotiating an offshore restructuring of the Company’s indebtedness under the supervision of light touch joint provisional liquidators appointed pursuant to an order of the Cayman Court, including a restructuring of indebtedness to bondholders and settlement of certain of our contingent liabilities with respect to the Fabricated Transactions. At this stage, we cannot make an absolute assurance that the restructuring of our indebtedness will be completed and implemented or that we will reach settlement of our contingent liabilities with respect to the Fabricated Transactions.

On July 15, 2020, we announced that the Cayman Court appointed Alexander Lawson of Alvarez & Marsal Cayman Islands Limited and Wing Sze Tiffany Wong of Alvarez & Marsal Asia Limited to act as “light-touch” Joint Provisional Liquidators of the Company (the “JPLs”). The appointment of the JPLs was made pursuant to our application in response to a winding-up petition filed by a creditor of the Company. Since the JPLs’ appointment, we have been operating our business under the day-to-day control of our Board under the supervision of the JPLs. The JPLs and our Board entered into a protocol with respect to the ongoing management of the Company on October 16, 2020, pursuant to which we would need to seek the JPLs’ approval for certain key management issues, including but not limited to the Company’s cash allocation, certain outward payments and any and all steps proposed to be taken by our Board outside of the ordinary course of the business of the Company and its subsidiaries. Pursuant to the order of the Cayman Court appointing the JPLs and pursuant to Cayman Islands law, no suit, action or other proceedings can be commenced or continued against the Company in the Cayman Islands without the leave of the Cayman Court. As of the date of this annual report, we are not aware of any such application for leave being made to the Cayman Court. In addition, commencement or continuation of suits, actions or proceedings in the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S. against the Company or its assets in the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S. are stayed, to the extent provided in section 362 of title 11 of the United States Code (the “U.S. Bankruptcy Code”) pursuant to the order of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York (the “U.S. Bankruptcy Court”) in the case commenced with respect to us under chapter 15 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. See “Note 22 Subsequent Events—Commencement of Chapter 15 Case in the United States” to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

6

Table of Contents

Following the JPLs’ appointment, which constitutes an event of default under our convertible senior notes indenture, 100% of the principal of, and accrued and unpaid interest on, the US$460 million 0.75% convertible senior notes due 2025 (the “Notes”) automatically became immediately due and payable. Accordingly, since the appointment of the JPLs on July 15, 2020, we have been negotiating a restructuring of our financial obligations owing under the Notes (the “Restructuring”) under the supervision of the JPLs. On March 16, 2021, we announced that we entered into a restructuring support agreement (the “RSA”) with holders of a majority of the Notes. The Restructuring is expected to provide recovery to the holders of the Notes in the amount of approximately 91%-96% of par value. We are required to complete certain milestones under the RSA. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete these milestones under the RSA in a timely manner or at all. See “Note 22 Subsequent Events—Restructuring Support Agreement (“RSA”)” to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in this annual report. In addition, there are uncertainties as to whether we will be able to successfully implement the Restructuring. It is intended that the Restructuring will be implemented by way of a scheme of arrangement under section 86 of the Companies Act (2021 Revision) and accordingly, is subject to, amongst other things, (i) the Company obtaining the requisite majorities of votes at a meeting convened to vote on the proposed scheme of arrangement (i.e. a majority in number and 75% in value of members of the class present and voting) and (ii) sanction of the scheme of arrangement by the Cayman Court. Under the RSA as mentioned above, all creditors who are a party to the RSA undertook to vote in favor of a scheme of arrangement presented on materially similar terms to those contained within the RSA. On September 1, 2021, we announced that the Company, the JPLs and the holders of a majority of the Notes extended the milestone to launch the scheme of arrangement from September 1, 2021 to September 22, 2021. Once the scheme of arrangement is effective in the Cayman Islands, it is intended that the scheme will also be subject to other court and/or regulatory processes in order to obtain approvals in relevant jurisdictions to achieve global implementation and effectiveness of the Restructuring, including recognition and enforcement of the scheme in the United States under chapter 15 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.

If we are not able to implement the Restructuring, whether or not via a scheme of arrangement, it may be necessary for the JPLs to recommend to the Cayman Court that the Company be placed in official liquidation under Cayman Islands law. If the Company is placed in official liquidation, there is a risk that it may lead to the insolvency of a majority of our subsidiaries and our inability to continue as a going concern.

We are aware that certain persons and entities (and their beneficiaries) who purchased or otherwise acquired the Company’s American Depository Shares have filed a series of lawsuits alleging that the Company (and others) violated United States securities law. See “Item 8. Financial Information—8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” As of the date of this annual report, the Company considers the claims asserted in these lawsuits as contingent liabilities as the Company’s liability has not yet been established by the relevant courts. Nevertheless, the Company, under the supervision of the JPLs, has been negotiating with various claimants with a view to negotiating a settlement or restructuring of those contingent liabilities. On September 20, 2021, we entered into a binding term sheet (the “Term Sheet”) with the lead plaintiffs in the provisionally certified class action In re Luckin Coffee Inc. Securities Litigation, Case No.1:20-cv-01293-JPC-JLC (SDNY) to fully resolve all claims that have been or could be filed on behalf of the provisionally certified class of purchasers Company’s ADS between May 17, 2019 through July 15, 2020, inclusive. The Term Sheet provides that the U.S. class action settlement amount will be calculated based on a Global Settlement Amount of $187.5 million, which will be reduced on a pro-rata basis based on the valid opt-out notices received pursuant to the U.S. Court’s prior order approving dissemination of a notice of pendency. The final report of valid opt out notices received will be provided to the U.S. Court on or before October 8, 2021. Based on the foregoing, we recognized a provision for equity litigants settlement of US$187.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. However, there are no assurances that we will not expend additional amounts to resolve claims of investors who submit valid opt-out notices. The Company has already been named as a defendant in a number of opt-out lawsuits alleging violations of U.S. securities laws. In addition, certain individuals and institutions, who have submitted opt-out notices, claim to have made investments relating to the Company’s ADS and have made informal demands for the company to pay alleged losses resulting from the Fabricated Transactions disclosed on April 2, 2020, but have not commenced legal proceedings. See “Item 8. Financial Information—8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” There may also be more lawsuits filed against us in the future. Moreover, pursuant to the Term Sheet, the settlement is subject to entering into definitive documentation and obtaining approvals from the U.S. Court overseeing the class action and the Cayman Court overseeing the Company’s “light touch” provisional liquidation, thus there are uncertainties regarding whether the settlement contemplated by the Term Sheet will be implemented at all. Failure to settle these lawsuits or other unfavorable outcomes in these proceedings could result in significant damages, additional penalties or other remedies imposed against us, our current or former directors or officers, which could harm our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

The Notes are exclusively the Company’s obligations but our operations are conducted through, and substantially all of our consolidated assets are held by, our subsidiaries and VIE.

The Notes described above are exclusively the Company’s obligations and are not guaranteed by any of our operating subsidiaries or VIE. A substantial portion of our consolidated assets are held by, and a substantial portion of our business is conducted through, our subsidiaries and VIE. Accordingly, the Company’s ability to service our debt, including the Notes and any additional notes to be issued as contemplated by the RSA, depends on the results of operations of our subsidiaries and VIE and upon the ability of such subsidiaries or VIE to provide the Company with cash, whether in the form of dividends, loans, service fees or otherwise, to pay amounts due on the Company’s obligations, including the Notes and any additional notes to be issued as contemplated by the RSA. Our subsidiaries and VIE are separate and distinct legal entities and have no obligation, contingent or otherwise, to make payments on the notes or to make any funds available for that purpose. In addition, dividends, loans, service fees or other distributions to us from such subsidiaries or VIE may be subject to regulatory contractual and other restrictions and are subject to other business considerations.

We may still incur substantially more debt or take other actions which would intensify the risks discussed above.

We may incur substantial additional debts in the future, some of which may be secured debt, and some of which may restrict us from incurring additional debt, securing existing or future debt, recapitalizing our debt or taking a number of other actions that could have the effect of diminishing our ability to make payments on our obligations when due. For example, we intend to issue certain senior secured notes as contemplated by the RSA. See “Note 22 Subsequent Events—Restructuring Support Agreement (“RSA”)” to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

The circumstances that led to the failure to file our annual report on time, and our efforts to investigate, assess and remediate those matters have caused and may continue to cause substantial delays in our SEC filings.

Our ability to resume a timely filing schedule with respect to our SEC reporting is subject to a number of contingencies, including whether and how quickly we are able to effectively remediate the identified material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. Our filing of this annual report has been delayed and we cannot assure you we will be able to timely make our future filings.

7

Table of Contents

In case we delay our filings, investors may need to evaluate certain decisions with respect to our ADSs in light of our lack of current financial information. Our lack of current public information may have an adverse impact on investor confidence, which could lead to a reduction in our stock price or restrictions on our abilities to obtain financing in the public market, among others. Further, in July 2020, we received notification from our depositary bank that due to the Company’s failure to timely comply with its SEC reporting obligations, the depositary bank decided to close its books to conversions of our ordinary shares into ADSs. We cannot assure you when or if our ADS facility will be reopened for conversions. The closing of the depositary’s books does not affect the trading of the previously issued ADSs. In addition, the SEC adopted amendments to the Exchange Act Rule 15c2-11 in September 2020 that enhanced disclosure and investor protection in the OTC market by ensuring that broker-dealers do not publish quotations for an issuer’s security when current issuer information is not publicly available, subject to certain exceptions. Therefore, if we are delayed in our filings, the broker-dealers will not be able to publish quotations for our ADSs on the OTC market after September 28, 2021, the general compliance date of this amendment. In such an event, the trading volume of our ADSs will be negligible, and the trading price may fall sharply as a result.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

Our limited operating history may not be indicative of our future growth or financial results and we may not be able to sustain our historical growth rates.

We commenced our operations in October 2017 and have achieved significant growth since our inception. As of December 31, 2020, we operated 3,929 self-operated stores in 56 cities in China and had over 64.9 million cumulative transacting customers. At the same time, we continue to evaluate our store performance and adjust our business plan accordingly. In 2020, we closed certain stores with relatively lower performance levels. As of July 31, 2021, we had 4,030 self-operated stores, 1,293 partnership stores and 752 Luckin Coffee EXPRESS machines in China and had over 78.4 million cumulative transacting customers. Our limited operating history may not be indicative of our future growth or financial results. There is no assurance that we will be able to maintain our historical growth rates in future periods. Our growth rates may decline for any number of possible reasons and some of them are beyond our control, including decreasing customer spending, increasing competition, declining growth of China’s coffee industry or China’s food and beverage sector in general, emergence of alternative business models, or changes in government policies or general economic conditions. We will continue to expand our product offerings and may explore new operating models to bring greater convenience to our customers and to increase our customer base and number of transactions. However, the execution of any new business plans is subject to uncertainty and the total number of items sold and number of transacting customers may not grow at the rate we expect for the reasons stated above. Further, we may bear additional expenses and costs, including the negotiation of adjusted arrangements with suppliers, when we adjust our business plan. If our growth rates decline, investors’ perceptions of our business and prospects may be adversely affected and the trading price of the ADSs could decline. In addition, since our business model is innovative in China’s coffee industry, it may increase the difficulty in evaluating our business and future prospects based on our historical operational or financial results.

We have incurred significant net losses attributable to the Company since our inception and we may continue to experience significant net losses attributable to the Company in the future.

We have incurred significant net losses attributable to the Company since our inception in June 2017. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, we incurred net loss attributable to the Company of RMB3,190.3 million, RMB3,712.6 million and RMB5,589.1 million (US$856.6 million), respectively, primarily attributable to the expenses in relation to the startup and fast expansion of our business.

We intend to further improve our brand awareness, optimize our customer base and store network, and continue to invest heavily in offering discounts and deals and other aspects of our business, especially sales and marketing. In addition, our net revenues will be impacted by various factors, including the performances of our stores, level of discounts we offer for different products, competitive landscape, customer preference and macroeconomic and regulatory environment. Therefore, our revenues may not grow at the rate we expect and may not increase sufficiently to offset the increase in our expenses. We may continue to incur losses in the future and we cannot assure you that we will eventually achieve profitability.

We require a significant amount of capital to fund our operations and respond to business opportunities. If we cannot obtain sufficient capital on acceptable terms, our business, financial condition and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

Building a well-known brand and accumulating a large and growing customer base are costly and time-consuming. For example, significant and continual investments in sales and marketing are required for further establishing brand awareness among the population in China to attract new customers and retain existing ones. In addition, we invest heavily in our technology systems, which are essential to our expansion and operations. It may take a long period of time to realize returns on such investments, if at all.

We have historically funded our cash requirements principally with capital contributions from our shareholders and the proceeds from our public offerings. If these resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to raise funds through additional equity offerings or debt financings or obtain additional bank facilities. However, our ability to obtain additional capital in the future has been adversely affected by the impacts associated with the Fabricated Transactions and is subject to a number of uncertainties, including those relating to our future business development, financial condition and results of operations, general market conditions for financing activities by companies in our industry, and macroeconomic and other conditions in China and globally. For example, despite that we entered into an investment agreement with an affiliate of Centurium Capital Management Ltd (“Centurium Capital”) and Joy Capital II, L.P. (“Joy Capital”), the closing of the transactions thereunder will be subject to a series of closing conditions, including the implementation of the Restructuring, which is an uncertain event. See “—Risks Relating to Our Internal Investigation, Restatement of Our Consolidated Financial Statements, Internal Controls, Offshore Restructuring and Related Matters—We are negotiating an offshore restructuring of the Company’s indebtedness under the supervision of light touch joint provisional liquidators appointed pursuant to an order of the Cayman Court, including a settlement of certain of our contingent liabilities with respect to the Fabricated Transactions. At this stage, we cannot make an absolute assurance that the restructuring of our indebtedness will be completed and implemented or that we will reach settlement of our contingent liabilities with respect to the Fabricated Transactions.” For details of the investment agreement, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.A. History and Development of the Company.” If we cannot obtain sufficient capital on acceptable terms to meet our capital needs, we may not be able to execute our growth strategies, and our business, financial condition and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

8

Table of Contents

If we are unable to successfully execute our strategies, our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We will continue to encounter challenges in implementing our managerial, operating and financial strategies. The major challenges in managing our business growth include, among other things:

·                  effectively identifying and securing locations for new stores and managing the daily operations of our stores. See “—We may be unsuccessful in operating our stores” for more details;

·                  controlling incurred costs in a competitive environment;

·                  timely adjusting our business plan based on our performance and market position as well as successfully launching the adjusted business plan;

·                  managing the transition to our current management team, the success of the management in assuming their roles and the ability of the management to implement and achieve our strategies and goals as they develop;

·                  managing the transition to our current Board and the success of these individuals in their roles as members of the Board;

·                  attracting, training and retaining a growing workforce to support our operations;

·                  maintaining and upgrading our technology systems in a cost-effective manner;

·                  effectively managing our supply chain and ensuring our third-party suppliers continue to meet our quality and other standards and satisfy our future operational needs;

·                  implementing a variety of new and upgraded internal systems and procedures as our business continues to grow; and

·                  ensuring full compliance with relevant laws and regulations.

All efforts to address the challenges of our growth require significant managerial, financial and human resources. We cannot assure you that we will be able to execute managerial, operating and financial strategies to keep up with our growth. If we cannot manage our growth or execute our strategies effectively, our growth may slow down and our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to acquire new customers or retain existing customers in a cost-effective manner, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our ability to cost-effectively attract new customers and retain existing customers is crucial to driving net revenues growth and achieving profitability. We have invested significantly in branding, sales and marketing to acquire and retain customers since our inception. For example, we offer various discount offers and deals in the form of vouchers and coupons. We also expect to continue to invest significantly to acquire new customers and retain existing ones. There can be no assurance that new customers will stay with us, or the net revenues from new customers we acquire will ultimately exceed the cost of acquiring those customers. In addition, if we reduce or discontinue our current discount offers and deals, if our existing customers no longer find our products appealing, or if our competitors offer more attractive products, prices, discounts or better customer services, our existing customers may lose interest in us, decrease their orders or even stop ordering from us. If we are unable to retain our existing customers or to acquire new customers in a cost-effective manner, our revenues may decrease and our results of operations will be adversely affected.

We may be unsuccessful in operating our stores.

The operating results of our stores have been and will continue to be subject to a number of factors, including but not limited to:

·                  our ability to maintain and enhance the quality of our products and services;

·                  our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers;

·                  our ability to continually increase the number of items sold to each customer and number of items sold in each store;

·                  our ability to successfully implement our pricing strategies;

·                  our ability to timely respond to changes in market opportunities and customer preferences;

·                  our ability to maintain good relationships with third-party suppliers, service providers and strategic partners;

·                  our ability to hire, train and retain talented employees;

·                  our ability to manage costs of our operations, such as cost of materials, store rental and other operating costs, and sales and marketing expenses;

·                  our ability to ensure full compliance with relevant laws and regulations, and maintain adequate and effective control, supervision and risk management over our stores; and

·                  our ability to monitor and control the overall operation of our stores.

9

Table of Contents

Many factors that are out of our control, including the macroeconomic and regulatory environment, could also adversely affect our store operations. In addition, opening new stores near our existing stores may adversely affect the sales of our existing stores. Any of these factors listed above or described elsewhere in this Risk Factors section may render us unsuccessful in profitably operating our stores and could adversely impact our business, financial condition and/or results of operations. We may even have to shut down certain stores if their business, financial conditions and operation results are far below our expectation.

Our operations have been and may continue to be affected by COVID-19 pandemic.

Our business and financial performance have been adversely affected by the outbreaks of COVID-19. The global COVID-19 pandemic continues to rapidly evolve and we cannot anticipate with any certainty the length or severity of the effects of COVID-19.

Our store operations have been adversely affected by COVID-19 pandemic. Since the beginning of 2020, outbreaks of COVID-19 have resulted in the temporary closure of many corporate offices, stores and manufacturing facilities across China. Normal economic life throughout China was sharply curtailed. In response to COVID-19, the Chinese government took a number of actions, such as extending the Chinese New Year holiday, quarantining individuals infected with or suspected of having COVID-19, imposing travel restrictions, encouraging employees of enterprises to work remotely from home, and canceling public activities, among others. To protect the health and well-being of our employees and consumers and in support of efforts to control the spread of the outbreak, we temporarily closed a significant majority of our stores since late-January 2020. We also closed our headquarter and offices and made remote working arrangements. These unplanned store closures, combined with planned closures in observance of the Chinese New Year holiday, resulted in peak closures of over 94% of our stores in China in early February 2020. As of the date of this annual report, almost all of our self-operated and partnership stores had reopened and returned to normal operation. However, the COVID-19 situation in China remains uncertain.

In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic also caused delays in our payments to suppliers, negatively affected and may continue to negatively affect the financial viability of our suppliers, our retail partners and other business partners, which may result in interruptions to our supply chain and difficulties for us to collect receivables, and adversely impact our business and results of operations. The COVID-19 pandemic also negatively affected our supply chain. Our inventory level was also negatively affected.

The COVID-19 pandemic remains a rapidly evolving situation. While many of the restrictions on movement within China and other countries have been relaxed, there is great uncertainty as to the future progress of the disease. Relaxation of restrictions on economic and social life could lead to new cases which may lead to the reinstatement of the aforesaid restrictions. Our business operations, results of operations and financial condition could be further adversely affected if a wide spread of COVID-19 happens again in the locations where we have business operations.

Our success depends on the continuing efforts of our key management and experienced and capable personnel as well as our ability to recruit new talent. If we fail to hire, train, retain or motivate our staff, our business may suffer.

Our future success is significantly dependent upon the continued service of our key management as well as experienced and capable personnel generally. If we lose the services of any member of key management or our experienced and capable personnel, we may not be able to locate suitable or qualified replacements, and may incur additional expenses to recruit and train new staff, which could severely disrupt our business and growth. If any of our key management or experienced and capable personnel is poached by and joins a competitor or forms a competing business, we may lose customers, know-how and key professionals and staff members.

Our rapid growth also requires us to hire, train, and retain a wide range of personnel who can adapt to a dynamic, competitive and challenging business environment and are capable of helping us conduct effective marketing, innovate new products, and develop technological capabilities. We will need to continue to attract, train and retain talent at all levels. We may need to offer attractive compensation and other benefits package, including share-based compensation, to attract and retain them. We also need to provide our employees with sufficient training to help them to realize their career development and grow with us. Any failure to attract, train, retain or motivate key management and experienced and capable personnel could severely disrupt our business and growth.

Any disruption to our supply chain and delivery services would negatively impact our business.

We have a limited number of suppliers for our raw materials, pre-made food and beverage items, machines, delivery service to our customers and warehouse and fulfillment service. In 2020, we purchased our coffee beans mainly from two suppliers, dairy mainly from five suppliers, syrup mainly from two suppliers and pre-made food and beverage items from a few selected national, regional and local sources, and we also mainly rely on one delivery service provider to provide most of the delivery service to our customers and cooperate with three warehouse and fulfillment service providers for our inventory storage and fulfillments between warehouses and from warehouses to our stores. In addition, since we officially launched our unmanned retail initiative in January 2020, we procure our unmanned coffee machines mainly from one supplier.

Due to concentration of suppliers, any interruption of the operations of our suppliers, any failure of our suppliers to accommodate our business scale, any termination or suspension of our supply arrangements, any change in cooperation terms, or the deterioration of cooperative relationships with these suppliers may materially and adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, our current agreements with our suppliers generally do not prohibit them from working with our competitors. Our competitors may be more effective in providing incentives to our suppliers to prioritize on their orders in case of short supply. We cannot assure you that we would be able to find replacement suppliers on commercially reasonable terms or a timely basis.

Our supply chain and delivery services may be disrupted by other factors, including, improper supply chain management, regulatory changes or non-compliance, surging market demand for our products or raw materials and extreme weather, among others. For example, we experienced a shortage in coconut juice supply due to the surging customer demand for our coconut series products. Any such disruptions may result in loss of potential orders, failures to deliver the customer order on time and negative impact on the results of our business operations, financial performance and reputation.

10

Table of Contents

Failure to maintain the quality and safety of our products could have a material and adverse effect on our reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

The quality and safety of our products are critical to our success. For more information on our quality control system, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Procurement” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Food Safety and Quality Control.” However, due to the scale of our operations and growth of our store network, maintaining consistent product quality depends significantly on the effectiveness of our quality control system, which in turn depends on a number of factors, including but not limited to the design of our quality control system, employee training to ensure that our employees adhere to and implement our quality control policies and procedures and the effectiveness of monitoring any potential violation of our quality control policies and procedures. There can be no assurance that our quality control system will always prove to be effective.

In addition, the quality of the products or services provided by our suppliers or service providers is subject to factors beyond our control, including the effectiveness and the efficiency of their quality control system, among others. There can be no assurance that our suppliers or service providers will always be able to adopt appropriate quality control systems and meet our stringent quality control requirements in respect of the products or services they provide. Any failure of our suppliers or service providers to provide satisfactory products or services could harm our reputation and adversely impact our operations. See “—Illegal actions or misconduct, or any failure by third-party suppliers, our retail partners, or service providers to provide satisfactory products or services could materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may be unable to receive sufficient compensation from suppliers and service providers for the losses caused by them.”

If customers become ill from food or beverage-borne illnesses, tampering, adulteration, contamination, mislabeling or other food or beverage safety issues, we could be forced to temporarily close the impacted stores and/or be involved in related disputes or legal proceedings. In addition, instances of food or beverage safety issues, even those not involving us or our suppliers, could, by resulting in negative publicity about us, China’s coffee industry or China’s food and beverage market in general, adversely affect our reputation, financial condition and results of operations. A decrease in customer confidence in the safety and quality of our products or any food safety issues could materially harm our business and results of operations. See “—Adverse incidents or reports of food-safety issues, whether true or not, may harm our business.”

Any significant disruption in our technology infrastructure or our failure to maintain the satisfactory performance, security and integrity of our technology infrastructure would materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

The proper functioning of our technology infrastructure is essential to our business. We rely on our technology to improve customer engagement and our operational efficiency, among others. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Technology.” The risks we face in relation to the disruption of our technology infrastructure include:

·                  we may encounter problems when upgrading our technology infrastructure including our mobile apps, systems and software. The development, upgrades and implementation of our technology infrastructure are complex processes. Issues not identified during pre-launch testing of new services may only become evident when such services are made available to our entire customer base. Therefore, our technology infrastructure, including our mobile apps, may not function properly if we fail to detect or solve technical errors in a timely manner; and

·                  our systems are potentially vulnerable to damage or interruption as a result of earthquakes, floods, fires, extreme temperatures, power loss, telecommunications failures, technical error, computer viruses, hacking and similar events.

These and other events may lead to the unavailability of our mobile apps, interruption of our supply chain and delivery, interruption of unmanned machines, leakage or permanent loss of customer data, interruptions or decreases in connection speed, or other events which would negatively affect our operations. If we experience frequent or persistent service disruptions, whether caused by failures of our own systems or those of third-party suppliers or service providers, our reputation or relationships with our customers may be damaged and our customers may switch to our competitors, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other calamities, which could significantly disrupt our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are vulnerable to natural disasters, health epidemics, and other calamities. Any of such occurrences could cause severe disruption to the daily operations of us, and may even require a temporary closure of facilities and logistics delivery networks, which may disrupt our business operations and adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that any of these catastrophic events harm the Chinese economy in general. In particular, our operations had been adversely affected by the COVID-19 outbreak in China. The outbreak of COVID-19 had impacts on our business in various aspects. See “—Our operations have been and may continue to be affected by COVID-19 pandemic.”

We face intense competition in China’s coffee industry and food and beverage sector in general, and our products are not proprietary. If we fail to compete effectively, we may lose market share and customers, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

China’s coffee industry is intensely competitive. Our products, including our coffee recipes, are not proprietary, and therefore, we are unable to prevent competitors from copying the recipes of our products and sell similar products. We mainly compete with a number of coffee shop operators for customers. Our competitors may have more financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do and may be more experienced and able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and support of their business. Some competitors are well established in China and any defensive measures they take in response to our expansion could hinder our growth and adversely affect our sales and results of operations. In addition, China’s coffee industry is subject to the entry of new and well-funded competitors. For more information related to the competitive landscape of China’s coffee industry, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Competition.”

11

Table of Contents

Furthermore, as we continue to increase our product offerings, including tea drinks, we also expect to compete against other businesses such as convenience stores as well as food and beverages operators with convenient locations. Increased competition may reduce our market share and profitability and require us to increase our sales and marketing efforts and capital commitment in the future, which could negatively affect our results of operations or force us to incur further losses. Although we have accumulated a large and growing customer base, there is no assurance that we will be able to continue to do so in the future against current or future competitors, and such competitive pressures may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is currently highly dependent on coffee and we may not be able to quickly identify new market opportunities, respond to the industry trends and adapt to customer preferences.

The growth of China’s coffee industry is affected by customer tastes, preferences, perceptions and spending patterns. Since we have generated, and expect to continue to generate, a considerable amount of our revenues from the sale of coffee, a shift in customer preferences away from coffee, the changes of spending pattern adversely affecting consumption of coffee, or the decrease or slow growth of coffee consumption in China would harm our business, more than if our revenues were generated from more diversified products.

We have devoted significant resources to launch and promote new products from time to time to serve broader customer demand, adapt to changes in market trends and shifts in customer taste and preferences, including the introduction of new coffee flavors and non-coffee products. However, we may not be successful in implementing our cross-selling strategy, developing innovative new products, and our new products may not be favored by customers or commercially successful. To the extent that we are not able to effectively gauge the direction of our key markets and successfully identify, develop and promote new or improved products in the changing market, our financial results and our competitive position will suffer.

We may face additional risks associated with our retail partnership model.

We launched our retail partnership model initiative in September 2019, and opened our first partnership store in October 2019.

The retail partnership model may subject us to a number of risks, including but not limited to:

·                  We might not be able to fully control retail partners’ actions and their daily store operation, and in case that their actions harm our business, our contractual rights and remedies are limited;

·                  The unsatisfactory service provided by or misconduct of our retail partners may harm the goodwill associated with our brands, and may adversely impact our business and results of operations;

·                  The revenues we realize from partnership stores are partly dependent on our retail partners’ ability to grow their sales;

·                  The failure of our retail partners to comply with local regulatory rules may subject us to losses and harm our reputation;

·                  Retail partners may not completely fulfill their obligation under the partnership agreement, which may adversely impact our business and results of operations;

·                  The number and quality of retail partners are subject to change over time, which may negatively affect our business; and

·                  Our retail partners may be subject to a variety of litigation risks, including, but not limited to, customer claims, food safety claims and employee allegations of improper termination. Although we are not directly liable for the costs involved in these types of litigation, each of these claims may increase the costs of our retail partners and adversely affect their profitability, which in turn could adversely affect our business, operating results and brand.

From time to time, we may evaluate and potentially consummate strategic investments, acquisitions, strategic cooperation, formation of joint ventures and new business initiatives which may turn out to be not successful and adversely affect our operation and financial results.

To complement our business and strengthen our market-leading position, we may form strategic alliances or make strategic investments and acquisitions from time to time. In addition, we continually evaluate the potentials of new business initiatives or new markets. We may experience difficulties in integrating our operations with the newly invested or acquired businesses, executing new business initiatives, managing our expansion, implementing our strategies or achieving expected levels of net revenues, profitability, productivity or other benefits. For example, we officially launched our unmanned retail initiative, including Luckin Coffee EXPRESS and Luckin Pop Mini, in January 2020. Luckin Coffee EXPRESS is an unmanned machine that prepares a selection of freshly brewed drinks. Luckin Pop Mini is an unmanned vending machine that offers a variety of consumer goods. Considering its operational performance, we have suspended the operation of Luckin Pop Mini and recorded write-downs of RMB46.7 million (US$7.2 million) associated with this suspension in 2020. Additionally, we recorded impairment loss of long-lived assets of RMB52.1 million and RMB2.1 million (US$0.3 million) for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020 in connection with the first generation Luckin Coffee EXPRESS machines that we purchased or prepaid for trial operation in 2019 and the subsequent launch in 2020. As of July 31, 2021, we had 752 second generation Luckin Coffee EXPRESS machines in operation. Further, in connection with the adjusted business plan for our unmanned retail initiative, we notified Schaerer Ltd. that we will not place any new orders for the machines for Luckin Coffee EXPRESS we originally intended to purchase as set out in the schedule of a deal memorandum we previously entered into with Schaerer Ltd. We may incur additional costs and expenses to settle the issue. See “Note 21 Commitments and Contingencies—Deal Memorandum with Schaerer to purchase Luckin EXPRESS Coffee Machine Engines” to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in this annual report. Therefore, we cannot assure you that our investments, acquisitions, cooperation and new business initiatives will benefit our business strategy, generate sufficient net revenues to offset the associated costs, or otherwise result in the intended benefits.

12

Table of Contents

Growth of our business will partially depend on the recognition of our brand, and any failure to maintain, protect and enhance our brand would limit our ability to grow or retain our customer base, which would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We believe that recognition of our brand among customers has helped us manage our customer acquisition costs and contributed to the growth and success of our business. Accordingly, maintaining, protecting and enhancing the recognition of our brand is critical to our business and market position. Many factors, some of which are beyond our control, are important to maintaining, protecting and enhancing our brand. These factors include but not limited to our ability to:

·                  maintain the quality and attractiveness of the products we offer;

·                  develop and launch new products that satisfy our customers’ needs;

·                  provide a superior customer experience;

·                  increase brand awareness through marketing and brand promotion activities;

·                  maintain good relationships and retain favorable terms with our suppliers, service providers and other business partners;

·                  stay compliant with relevant laws and regulations;

·                  compete effectively against existing and future competitors; and

·                  preserve our reputation and goodwill generally and in the event of any negative publicity on our products, services and data security, or other issues affecting us, China’s coffee industry or China’s food and beverage sector in general.

A public perception that we, or other industry participants do not provide satisfactory products or services to customers, even if factually incorrect or based on isolated incidents, could damage our reputation, diminish the value of our brand, undermine the trust and credibility we have established and have a negative impact on our ability to attract and retain customers, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We have been and may increasingly become a target for public scrutiny, including complaints to regulatory agencies, negative media coverage, and malicious allegations, all of which could severely damage our reputation and materially and adversely affect our business and prospects.

Publicity about our business and management creates the possibility of heightened attention from the public, regulators and the media. Any negative report regarding our business, financial condition, results of operations, our management and employees could damage our brand image and severely affect the sales of our products and possibly lead to claims, litigation and damages. One of our executive officers, Mr. Fei Yang, was the president of IWOM Marketing Co., Ltd. (“IWOM”), a digital marketing company, when it was convicted of illegal business operation in 2013 for deleting user-generated content for profit. Mr. Yang was held liable as IWOM’s president and was given a short term (18 months) prison sentence. Although Mr. Yang left IWOM in 2015, there has been and might continue to be negative media coverage about this conviction, which may have negative effect on our public image and business. In addition, improper behavior or statements of our spokespersons, endorsers and other celebrities we have cooperated with and our employees may result in substantial harm to our brand, reputation and operations. We could become a target for public scrutiny, including complaints to regulatory agencies, negative media coverage, and malicious allegations, in the future, and such scrutiny and public exposure could severely damage our reputation as well as our business and prospects.

We have incurred significant costs on a variety of sales and marketing efforts, including mass advertising and heavy promotions to attract customers, and some sales and marketing campaigns and methods may not be sustainable or may turn out to be ineffective.

We have invested significantly in sales and marketing activities to promote our brand and our products and to deepen our relationships with customers. We incurred RMB746.0 million, RMB1,251.5 million and RMB876.9 million (US$134.4 million) in sales and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. We also regularly offer coupons and vouchers to increase our customer base, retain our existing customers or promote new products, and such promotion activities might not be sustainable.

Our sales and marketing activities may not be well received by our existing customers, and may not attract new customers as anticipated. The evolving marketing landscape may require us to experiment with new marketing methods to keep pace with industry trends and customer preferences. Failure to refine our existing marketing approaches or to introduce new marketing approaches in a cost-effective manner could reduce our market share and negatively impact our results of operations. There is no assurance that we will be able to recover the costs of our sales and marketing activities or that these activities will be effective in attracting new customers and retaining existing customers.

We may be unsuccessful in managing our store network.

We may not be able to manage our store network. The number and timing of the stores actually opened during any given period are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to our ability to:

·                  identify suitable locations and secure leases on commercially reasonable terms;

·                  obtain adequate funding for development and opening costs;

·                  obtain the required licenses, permits and approvals;

·                  efficiently manage our time and cost in relation to the design, decoration and pre-opening processes for each of our stores;

13

Table of Contents

·                  develop and retain suitable retail partners; and

·                  hire, train and retain skilled employees.

Any factors listed above, either individually or in aggregate, might delay or fail our plan to increase the number of stores in desirable locations at manageable cost levels. In addition, we may not be able to successfully operate our existing stores and may choose to shut down certain stores from time to time.

Any lack of requisite approvals, licenses or permits applicable to our business may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In accordance with the relevant laws and regulations in jurisdictions in which we operate, we are required to maintain various approvals, licenses and permits to operate our business, including but not limited to business licenses, food operation licenses, environmental impact assessment filings and fire safety inspections. These approvals, licenses and permits are obtained upon satisfactory compliance with, among other things, the applicable laws and regulations. If we or our retail partners fail to obtain the necessary licenses, permits and approvals, we may be subject to fines, confiscation of the gains derived from the related stores or the suspension of operations of the related stores. We may also experience adverse publicity arising from such non-compliance with government regulations that negatively impacts our brand. We may experience difficulties or failures in obtaining the necessary approvals, licenses and permits for new stores. If we fail to obtain the material licenses, our store opening and expansion plan may be delayed. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain, renew and/or convert all of the approvals, licenses and permits required for our existing business operations upon their expiration in a timely manner or at all, which could adversely affect our business operations. The following are some particular risks and potential negative consequences regarding certain lack of requisite approvals, licenses or permits, without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing.

As of the date of this annual report, a small portion of our stores have not obtained business licenses, and we are in the process of obtaining business licenses for these stores. We may be ordered by the government authorities to rectify such non-compliance or to suspend operations of these stores and may be subject to fines of up to RMB100,000 for each store that fails to obtain business licenses.

As of the date of this annual report, a small portion of our stores have not obtained food operation licenses, and we are in the process of obtaining food operation licenses for these stores. The relevant government authorities may confiscate the income of these stores since commencing operation as well as the food and beverage products sold at these stores and the raw materials and equipment used in store operation, and may impose fines based on the value of the food and beverage products sold at each store (if the value of the food and beverage products is less than RMB10,000, a fine up to RMB100,000 may be imposed; if the value of the food and beverage products is more than RMB10,000, a fine up to 20 times of such value may be imposed).

As of the date of this annual report, a small portion of our stores that are required to complete environmental impact assessment filings with the administrative department of environmental protection have not completed such filings. There is uncertainty as to whether we still need to complete such filings for these stores. Since January 1, 2021, according to Classification Administration Catalogue of Environmental Impact Assessments for Construction Projects issued on September 2, 2008 and most recently amended on November 30, 2020, construction projects of the food and beverage services no longer require environmental impact assessment filings. However, if it is determined that we are required to complete such filings, we may be subject to a fine of up to RMB50,000 per store.

Some of our stores are required to obtain permits over fire safety inspection by local fire prevention authorities. However, as of the date of this annual report, a substantial number of such stores have not obtained such permits. Our stores that fail to obtain the permits over fire safety inspections may be ordered by the relevant government authorities to close down and may be subject to a fine of up to RMB300,000 per store. In addition, some of our stores have not completed the required as-built acceptance check on fire prevention or fire safety filing. If the stores that fail to complete such fire safety filing are found unqualified by relevant government authorities in random inspection, they may be ordered by the relevant government authorities to close down and may be subject to a fine of up to RMB300,000 per store. As advised by our PRC legal counsel, King & Wood Mallesons, the likelihood that we would be subject to material administrative penalties by fire safety regulatory authorities is low.

For the unmanned retail initiative we officially launched in January 2020, according to the Administrative Measures for Food Operation Licensing and other local rules and regulations, we are required to obtain relevant food operation licenses, which provides that automatic vending be the business type of the licensed entity, for each operating subsidiary. We are also required to file or report to the relevant government authorities the numbers of the vending machines, the locations of the vending machines, the name, address and phone number of the vending operator, information regarding how the food operation licenses are publicized, among other relevant materials. The compliance requirement and the legal consequences of non-compliance with the requirements of conducting unmanned retail business vary among cities. If we fail to satisfy the relevant requirements, we may be ordered by the relevant government authorities to rectify the non-compliance and may be subject to fines, confiscation of the gains and suspension of operations, which could adversely affect our business operations.

We have recorded negative cash flows from operating activities historically and may have a net current liabilities position in the future.

We have experienced significant cash outflow from operating activities since our inception. We had net cash used in operating activities of RMB1,310.7 million, RMB2,167.0 million and RMB2,376.8 million (US$364.3 million) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. The cost of continuing operations could further reduce our cash position, and an increase in our net cash outflow from operating activities could adversely affect our operations by reducing the amount of cash available to meet the cash needs for operating our business and to fund our investments in our business expansion.

14

Table of Contents

We had net current assets of RMB1,647.8 million, RMB3,243.0 million and RMB5,419.2 million (US$830.5 million) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. We could have a net current liabilities position in the future, which would expose us to liquidity risk. Our future liquidity and ability to make additional capital investments necessary for our operations and business expansion will depend primarily on our ability to maintain sufficient cash generated from operating activities and to obtain adequate external financing. There can be no assurance that we will be able to renew existing bank facilities or obtain other sources of financing.

Failure to comply with the terms of our indebtedness could result in acceleration of indebtedness, which could have an adverse effect on our cash flow and liquidity.

We have entered and may from time to time enter into credit facilities and debt financing arrangements containing financial and other covenants that could, among other things, restrict our business and operations. On July 15, 2020, following the appointment of the JPLs by the Cayman Court, which constitutes an event of default under the indenture of the Notes described above, 100% of the principal of, and accrued and unpaid interest on, the Notes automatically became immediately due and payable. On March 16, 2021, we announced that we entered into an RSA with holders of a majority of the aggregate principal amount outstanding under the Notes. Pursuant to the RSA, we expect to restructure the Notes in a manner designed to allow us to comprehensively address our capital structure and better position us for long-term success. We intend to issue certain senior secured notes as part of the consideration provided to the holders of the Notes, as contemplated in the RSA. For more information about the Notes and the restructuring of the Notes contemplated in the RSA, see “Note 15 Convertible Senior Notes” and “Note 22 Subsequent Events—Restructuring Support Agreement (“RSA”)” to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

If we breach any of the covenants under our existing or future debt financial arrangements, including by failing to maintain certain financial ratios, our lenders may be entitled to accelerate our debt obligations. Any default under our existing or future debt financial arrangements could also require that we repay these loans prior to maturity as well as limit our ability to obtain additional financing, which in turn may have a material adverse effect on our cash flow and liquidity.

We have undertaken strategic partnerships which may not be successful. If our collaboration with any of our strategic partners is terminated or curtailed, or if we are no longer able to benefit from the business collaborations with our strategic partners, our business may be adversely affected.

Our business has benefited from our collaborations with our strategic partners, including Weixin, in the areas such as mobile ordering and payment and joint marketing. We have entered into certain collaborations or alliances, such as incorporating joint ventures, with our business partners historically from time to time. We cannot assure you that such alliances or partnerships will contribute to our business, and we might not be able to maintain our cooperative relationships with our strategic partners and their respective affiliates in the future. If the services provided by these strategic partners become limited, compromised, restricted, curtailed or less effective or become more expensive or unavailable to us for any reason, our business may be materially and adversely affected. To the extent we cannot maintain our cooperative relationships with any of these strategic partners, it may be very difficult for us to identify other alternative partners, which may divert significant management attention from existing business operations and adversely impact our daily operation and customer experience.

A significant interruption in the operations of our third-party suppliers, retail partners and service providers could potentially disrupt our operations.

We have limited control over the operations of our third-party suppliers, retail partners, service providers and other business partners and any significant interruption in their operations may have an adverse impact on our operations. For example, a significant interruption in the operations of our roasted coffee bean suppliers’ roasting facilities could cause a shortage of coffee at our stores, a significant interruption impacting our leased warehouses, whether as a result of a natural disaster, labor difficulties, fire or other causes, could cause the shortage of our inventory, and a significant interruption in the operations of our internet service provider could impact the operation of our mobile apps. If we cannot solve the impact of the interruptions of operations of our third-party suppliers, retail partners or service providers, our business operations and financial results may be materially and adversely affected.

Illegal actions or misconduct, or any failure by third-party suppliers, our retail partners, or service providers to provide satisfactory products or services could materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may be unable to receive sufficient compensation from suppliers and service providers for the losses caused by them.

Our reputation and operation may be harmed by illegal or unsatisfactory actions taken by suppliers, our retail partners and service providers over which we have limited control. For example, the failure of our raw material suppliers to ensure product quality or to comply with food safety or other laws and regulations could interrupt our operations and result in claims against us, and any delay in delivery of our products, damage to our products during the course of delivery and inappropriate actions taken by delivery riders of our delivery service providers might cause customer complaints.

In the event that we become subject to claims caused by actions taken by our suppliers, our retail partners, or service providers, we may attempt to seek compensation from the relevant suppliers, our retail partners, or service providers. However, such compensation may be limited. For example, we may not be able to fully cover compensation from our retailed partners in case that our losses attributed to their actions exceed their deposit withheld by us. If no claim can be asserted against a supplier, our retail partners, or service provider, or amounts that we claim cannot be fully recovered from the supplier, our retail partners, or service provider, we may be required to bear such losses and compensation at our own costs. This could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

15

Table of Contents

We face the risk of fluctuations in the cost, availability and quality of our raw materials and pre-made products, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

The cost, availability and quality of our principal raw material, Arabica coffee beans, coffee condiments, tea leaves as well as pre- made food and beverage items, are important to our operations. We usually enter into fixed-price purchase agreements with suppliers of raw materials and pre-made food and beverage items with a term of one year. However, such contract prices may be renegotiated when there is significant fluctuation in the market price of these products. If the cost of raw materials and pre-made products increases after expiration of existing agreements, due to large market price fluctuation or due to any other reason, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected. In addition, as coffee beans and most of our coffee condiments and pre- made products have relatively short shelf life, frequent and timely supply of these products are essential to our operations. Lack of availability of these products, whether due to shortages in supply, delays or interruptions in processing, failure of timely delivery or otherwise, could interrupt our operations and adversely affect our financial results.

Uncertainties relating to the growth of China’s coffee industry and food and beverage industry could adversely affect our revenues and business prospects.

Our business is affected by the development of China’s coffee industry and food and beverage industry in general. The demand for our coffee items and our future results of operations will depend on numerous factors affecting the development of the China’s coffee industry and food and beverage industry in general, such as governmental regulations and policies over this industry, investments in this industry and the drinking culture and hobby of Chinese consumers, and some of them are completely beyond our control.

A decline in the popularity of coffee, especially freshly brewed coffee, or any failure by us to adapt our strategies in response to trends in China’s coffee industry and food and beverage industry in general may adversely affect our results of operations and business prospects.

Adverse public or medical opinion about the health effects of our products may harm our business.

Some of our products contain caffeine, dairy products, sugar and other active compounds, the health effects of which are not fully understood. The excessive consumption of these compounds may result in adverse health effects and have caused increasing public awareness. For example, a number of research studies conclude or suggest that excessive consumption of caffeine may lead to increased heart rate, nausea and vomiting, restlessness and anxiety, depression, headaches, tremors, sleeplessness and other adverse health effects. Unfavorable reports on the health effects of caffeine or other compounds of our products could significantly reduce the sales of our products. Also, we could become subject to litigation relating to the existence of such compounds in our products and any such litigation could be costly and could divert management attention.

Adverse incidents or reports of food-safety issues, whether true or not, may harm our business.

Instances or reports of food-safety issues, such as food or beverage-borne illnesses, tampering, adulteration, contamination or mislabeling, either during growing, manufacturing, packaging, storing or preparation, whether true or not, have in the past severely injured the reputations of companies in China’s food and beverage market and could affect us as well. Product safety or quality issues, actual or perceived, or allegations of product contamination, even when false or unfounded, could tarnish the image of our brand and may cause customers to choose other products. Such issues could negatively affect our reputation, results of operations and financial performance.

Overall tightening of the labor market, increases in labor costs or any possible labor unrest may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our business requires a substantial number of personnel. Any failure to retain stable and dedicated labor by us may lead to disruption to our business operations. Although we have not experienced any material labor shortage as of the date of this annual report, we have observed an overall tightening and increasingly competitive labor market. We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, increases in labor costs due to increases in salary, social benefits and employee headcount. We compete with other companies in our industry and other labor-intensive industries for labor, and we may not be able to offer competitive remuneration and benefits compared to them. If we are unable to manage and control our labor costs, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

16

Table of Contents

Our business generates and processes a large amount of data, which subjects us to governmental regulations and other legal obligations related to privacy, information security and data protection. Any improper use or disclosure of such data by us, our employees or our business partners could subject us to significant reputational, financial, legal and operational consequences.

Our business generates and processes a large quantity of personal, transaction, and behavior data. We face risks inherent in handling large volumes of data and in protecting the security of such data. In particular, we face a number of challenges relating to data from transactions and other activities on our system, including:

·                  protecting the data in and hosted on our system, including against attacks on our system by third parties or fraudulent behavior by our employees;

·                  addressing concerns related to privacy and sharing, safety, security and other factors; and

·                  complying with applicable laws, rules and regulations relating to the collection, use, disclosure or security of personal information, including any requests from regulatory and government authorities relating to such data.

Any systems failure or security breach or lapse that results in the release of customer data could harm our reputation and brand and, consequently, our business, in addition to exposing us to potential legal liability. Furthermore, our business partners and their employees may improperly use or disclose the data we disclose to them for our operation and we have limited control over the actions of our business partners and their employees. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us, our employees, our business partners, or their employees to comply with privacy policies or with any regulatory requirements or privacy protection-related laws, rules and regulations could result in proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others. These proceedings or actions may subject us to significant penalties and negative publicity, require us to change our business practices, increase our costs and severely disrupt our business.

Recently, companies’ practices regarding collection, use, retention, transfer, disclosure and security of user data have been the subject of enhanced regulations and increased public scrutiny. For example, historically, we have been named by regulatory authorities among other apps for not expressly obtaining all authorizations from users, for which we have taken measures, including adjustments to our user privacy terms, to address the issue. The regulatory frameworks regarding privacy issues in many jurisdictions are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant changes from time to time.

In China, the PRC Cybersecurity Law, which became effective in June 2017, provides that personal information and important data collected and generated by operators of critical information infrastructure in the course of their operations in the PRC should be stored in the PRC. The PRC government is increasingly focused on data security, recently launching cybersecurity review against a number of mobile apps operated by several US-listed Chinese companies and prohibiting these apps from registering new users during the review period. In addition, on July 10, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China issued the Draft Amended Measures for Cybersecurity Review (the “Draft Measures”), for public comments, which proposes to authorize the relevant government authorities to conduct cybersecurity review on a range of activities that affect or may affect national security, including listings in foreign countries by companies that possess the personal data of more than one million users. The PRC National Security Law covers various types of national security, including technology security and information security. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulation on Information Security.” The Draft Measures were released for public comment only, and its provisions and the anticipated adoption or effective date may be subject to change with substantial uncertainty. The Draft Measures remain unclear on whether the relevant requirements will be applicable to companies that have been trading in the United States and intend to conduct further securities offerings, such as the senior secured notes that we intend to issue as part of the consideration provided to the holders of the Notes, as contemplated in the RSA. We cannot predict the impact of the Draft Measures, if any, at this stage, and we will closely monitor and assess any development in the rule-making process. If the enacted version of the Draft Measures mandates clearance of cybersecurity review and other specific actions to be completed by companies like us, we face uncertainties as to whether such clearance can be timely obtained, or at all. If we are not able to comply with the cybersecurity and data privacy requirements in a timely manner, or at all, we may be subject to government enforcement actions and investigations, fines, penalties, suspension of our non-compliant operations, or removal of our app from the relevant application stores, among other sanctions, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

In addition, regulators in China may implement measures to ensure that encryption of users’ data does not hinder law enforcement agencies’ access to that data. For example, according to the PRC Cybersecurity Law and relevant regulations, network operators, are obligated to provide assistance and support in accordance with the law for public security and national security authorities to protect national security or assist with criminal investigations. Compliance with these laws and requirements in manners that are perceived as harming privacy could lead to significant damages to our reputation and proceedings and actions against us by regulators and private parties.

On March 12, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security and the SAMR jointly promulgated the Provisions on the Scope of Necessary Personal Information Required for Common Types of Mobile Internet Applications, which became effective on May 1, 2021, clarifying the scope of necessary information required for certain common mobile apps and stating that mobile apps operators may not deny users’ access to basic functions and services when the users opt out of the collection of unnecessary personal information. The Cyberspace Administration of China has since named a number of mobile apps in its regulatory announcement for failure to comply with privacy and data security regulations, and ordered these apps to rectify their data collection and use practices. On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Data Security Law which took effect on September 1, 2021, and on August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law which will take effect on November 1, 2021. The Data Security Law provides for data security and privacy obligations of entities and individuals carrying out data activities, prohibits entities and individuals in China from providing any foreign judicial or law enforcement authority with any data stored in China without approval from competent PRC authority, and sets forth the legal liabilities of entities and individuals found to be in violation of their data protection obligations, including rectification order, warning, fines of up to RMB10 million, suspension of relevant business, and revocation of business permits or licenses. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulation on Internet Privacy.” As the Data Security Law was recently promulgated and became effective and the Personal Information Protection Law was recently promulgated, our data transfer policies may be subject to additional compliance requirement and regulatory burdens, and we may be required to make further adjustments to our business practices to comply with the interpretation and implementation of such laws, which may increase our compliance costs and adversely affect our business performance.

17

Table of Contents

Complying with these obligations under the PRC Cybersecurity Law, the PRC National Security Law, the Data Security Law, the Personal Information Protection Law, the Cybersecurity Review Measures, as well as additional laws and regulations that PRC regulatory bodies may enact in the future, including data security and personal information protection laws could cause us to incur substantial costs and subject us to negative publicity, which could harm our reputation among users and negatively affect the trading prices of our ADSs and/or other securities. There are also uncertainties with respect to how the PRC Cybersecurity Law, the PRC National Security Law, the Personal Information Protection Law and the Data Security Law will be implemented and interpreted. In practice, PRC regulators, including the Department of Public Security, the MIIT, the SAMR and the Cyberspace Administration of China, have been increasingly focused on regulation in the areas of data security and data protection, including for mobile apps, and are enhancing the protection of privacy and data security by rule-making and enforcement actions at central and local levels. We expect that these areas will receive greater and continued attention and scrutiny from regulators and the public going forward, which could increase our compliance costs and subject us to heightened risks and challenges associated with data security and protection. Any failure to comply with applicable regulations, whether by us, business partners, or other third parties, or as a result of employee error or negligence or otherwise, could result in regulatory enforcement actions, including fines, suspension of business, prohibition against new user registration (even for a short period of time) and revocation of required licenses, against us and have an adverse impact on our business operations and our reputation.

If we fail to adopt new technologies to evolving customer needs or emerging industry standards, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

To remain competitive, we must continue to stay abreast of evolving industry trends and to enhance and improve our technology accordingly. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to identify, develop, acquire or license leading technologies useful in our business. There can be no assurance that we will be able to use new technologies effectively or adapt our mobile apps to meet customer requirements. If we are unable to adapt in a cost-effective and timely manner in response to changing market conditions or customer preferences, whether for technical, legal, financial or other reasons, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Security breaches and attacks against our technology systems, and any potentially resulting breach or failure to otherwise protect confidential and proprietary information, could damage our reputation and negatively impact our business, as well as materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Although we have employed significant resources to develop our security measures against breaches, our cybersecurity measures may not detect or prevent all attempts to compromise our systems, including distributed denial-of-service attacks, viruses, malicious software, break-ins, phishing attacks, social engineering, security breaches or other attacks and similar disruptions that may jeopardize the security of information stored in and transmitted by our systems or that we otherwise maintain. Breaches of our cybersecurity measures could result in unauthorized access to our systems, misappropriation of information or data, deletion or modification of customer information, or a denial of service or other interruption to our business operations. As techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to or sabotage systems change frequently and may not be known until launched against us or our third-party service providers, we may be unable to anticipate, or implement adequate measures to protect against, these attacks.

We have in the past and are likely again in the future to be subject to these types of attacks, although as of the date of this annual report no such attack has resulted in any material damages or remediation costs. If we are unable to avert these attacks and security breaches, we could be subject to significant legal and financial liability, our reputation would be harmed and we could sustain substantial lost sales and customer dissatisfaction. We may not have the resources or technical sophistication to anticipate or prevent rapidly evolving types of cyber attacks. Actual or anticipated attacks and risks may cause us to incur significantly higher costs, including costs to deploy additional personnel and network protection technologies, train employees and engage third-party experts and consultants.

We are subject to risks related to the payment methods we accept, including uncertainties in regulations governing payment processing and risks relating to third-party payment providers.

We are subject to various rules, regulations and requirements, regulatory or otherwise, and governing payment processing, which could change or be reinterpreted to make it difficult or impossible for us to comply. For example, according to Announcement No.10 (2018) of the People’s Bank of China issued in July 2018 (“Announcement No.10”), companies that refuse to accept cash payment should rectify such non-compliance. According to People’s Bank of China’s interpretation of Announcement No.10, e-commence platforms, self-service counters and other companies (i) that offer products and services online and in a cashier- less manner, (ii) whose entire customer purchase process does not involve payment or receipt of cash, and (iii) who have obtained consent from customers to use electronic payment methods, may use electronic payment methods instead of accepting cash. The People’s Bank of China further issued Announcement No. 18 (2020) in December 2020 (“Announcement No. 18”). Pursuant to Announcement No. 18, large and medium-sized commercial institutions including catering service providers shall establish cash collection and payment channels at their business places. If all transactions, payments, and services are completed through the internet, business entities shall publicize payment methods in advance. We have received a few inquiries from local branches of the People’s Bank of China on whether our operation stores refuse to accept cash payment and such non-compliance should be rectified. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been subject to monetary penalties in connection with such non-compliance. However, we cannot assure you that the relevant governmental authorities will have the same interpretation. If we fail to comply with these rules or requirements, we may be subject to fines and higher transaction fees or no longer be able to offer certain payment methods, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, we accept a variety of payment methods, including but not limited to, Weixin Pay, Alipay and Union Pay. We pay these payment providers varying service fees, which may increase over time and raise our operating costs. We may also be subject to fraud, security breaches and other illegal activities in connection with the various payment methods we offer.

18

Table of Contents

We use software licensed from third parties. Our ability to provide customers with a high-quality online experience also depends on the satisfactory performance, reliability and availability of software licensed from third parties.

We use software licensed from third parties. Any system interruptions caused by telecommunications failures, computer viruses, or hacking or other attempts to harm the software licensed from third parties that result in the unavailability of our mobile apps or reduced performance would affect the attractiveness of the services offered on our platform. We may encounter problems when software licensed from third parties is upgraded and undetected programming errors could adversely affect the performance of the software we use to provide our services. In addition, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue using the open source software we are permitted to use currently, in which case licenses may not be available on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. Alternatively, we may need to re-engineer our platform or discontinue the use of portions of the functionality provided by our platforms. Our inability to use third-party software could result in disruptions to our business, or delays in the development of future offerings or enhancements of our existing platforms, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Unexpected termination of leases, failure to renew the lease of our existing premises or to renew such leases at acceptable terms, or failures to obtain necessary real-estate certificates, could materially and adversely affect our business.

We lease the premises for all of our self-operated stores. Generally, lessors may terminate our lease agreements unilaterally upon advance notice. In addition, the PRC government has the statutory power to acquire any land in the PRC. As a result, we may be subject to compulsory acquisition, closure or demolition of any of the properties on which our stores are situated. Although we may receive liquidated damages or compensation if our leases are terminated unexpectedly, we may be forced to suspend operations of the relevant store and divert management attention, time and costs to find a new site and relocate our store, which will negatively affect our business and results of operations.

19

Table of Contents

We generally enter into long-term leases of approximately three years with an option to renew for our stores. Rent for our leases is typically fixed amounts and subject to annual or biennially incremental increases as stipulated in the lease agreements. We cannot assure you that we would be able to renew the relevant lease agreements without substantial additional cost or increase in the rental cost payable by us. If a lease agreement is renewed at a rent substantially higher than the current rate, or currently existing favorable terms granted by the lessor are not extended, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. If we are unable to renew the leases for our store sites, we will have to close or relocate the store, which could subject us to decoration and other costs and risks, and loss of existing customers, and could have a material and adverse effect on our business and results of operations. In addition, the relocated store may not perform as well as the existing store.

We entered into a cooperation agreement with the Xiamen municipal government to acquire our new headquarter under favorable pricing terms that came with certain commitments, including meeting certain requirements around tax contribution, operating performance and capital investments. However, as of the date of this annual report, it is unlikely that we will be able to fulfill our commitments to the Xiamen municipal government under the cooperation agreement. We are currently in communication with the Xiamen municipal government to discuss a variety of solutions, including to increase our payment or to return several floors of our headquarter, or to modify or enter into a new cooperation agreement. Additionally, we are in the process of obtaining the real property ownership certificate for our headquarter, but we have not obtained such certificate as of the date of this annual report. We cannot assure you that we would be able to amend our agreement without substantial additional cost and expenses, nor can we assure you that we can successfully obtain the necessary real property certificate. If we are unable to amend our agreement with the Xiamen municipal government, we may be liable for breach of contract. If we are unable to obtain the real property certificate, under applicable PRC property law, the property right of the real-estate may not be effectively transferred to us until it is registered by relevant registration authority, and therefore we may not have the full legal right to use, own or dispose the real-estate.

Certain lease agreements of our leased properties have not been registered with the relevant PRC government authorities as required by PRC law, which may expose us to potential fines.

Under PRC law, all lease agreements are required to be registered with the local land and real estate administration bureau. Although failure to do so does not in itself invalidate the leases, the lessees may not be able to defend these leases against bona fide third parties and may also be exposed to potential fines if they fail to rectify such non-compliance within the prescribed time frame after receiving notice from the relevant PRC government authorities. The penalty ranges from RMB1,000 to RMB10,000 for each unregistered lease, at the discretion of the relevant authority. As of the date of this annual report, the lease agreements for some of our leased properties in China, including leased properties for our stores, have not been registered with the relevant PRC government authorities. In the event that any fine is imposed on us for our failure to register our lease agreements, we may not be able to recover such losses from the lessors.

Our rights to use our leased properties could be challenged by property owners or other third parties, which may disrupt our operations and incur relocation costs.

As of the date of this annual report, the lessors of certain of our leased properties in China failed to provide us with valid property ownership certificates or authorizations from the property owners for the lessors to sublease the properties. There is a risk that such lessors may not have the relevant property ownership certificates or the right to lease or sublease such properties to us, in which case the relevant lease agreements may be deemed invalid and we may be forced to vacate these properties, which could interrupt our business operations and incur relocation costs. Moreover, if our lease agreements are challenged by third parties, it could result in diversion of management attention and cause us to incur costs associated with defending such actions, even if such challenges are ultimately determined in our favor.

We may experience significant liability claims or complaints from customers, or adverse publicity involving our products, our services or our stores.

We face an inherent risk of liability claims or complaints from our customers. Most of the customer complaints we received were related to the taste and temperature of our food and beverage offerings, a long waiting time and the service quality of our staff. We take these complaints seriously and endeavor to reduce such complaints by implementing various remedial measures. Nevertheless, we cannot assure you that we can successfully prevent or address all customer complaints.

Any complaints or claims against us, even if meritless and unsuccessful, may divert management attention and other resources from our business and adversely affect our business and operations. Customers may lose confidence in us and our brand, which may adversely affect our business and results of operations. Furthermore, negative publicity including but not limited to negative online reviews on social media and crowd-sourced review platforms, industry findings or media reports related to food quality, safety, public health concerns, illness, injury or government, whether or not accurate, and whether or not concerning our products, can adversely affect our business, results of operations and reputation.

If we encounter contractual disputes or dispute of other natures with our suppliers, business partners and other third parties, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We deal with and enter into contracts with our suppliers, business partners and other third parties in our ordinary course of business. If we encounter contractual disputes with our suppliers, business partners and other third parties or other claims by such parties, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. The contractual terms between us and our suppliers, business partners or other third parties vary depending on factors such as our business needs, our past dealings with the counterparty, among others. The terms of such contracts are generally negotiated on a case-by-case basis and are commercially reasonable at the time they are entered into. From time to time, there may be contractual disputes between us and suppliers, business partners or other third parties relating to our business. For example, we may incur costs and expenses relating to our notice to Schaerer Ltd. that we will not place any new orders for the machines for Luckin Coffee EXPRESS we originally intended to purchase. See “—From time to time, we may evaluate and potentially consummate strategic investments, acquisitions, strategic cooperation, formation of joint ventures and new business initiatives which may turn out to be not successful and adversely affect our operation and financial results.”

In addition, we may be subject to other claims relating with our transactions with our suppliers, business partners and other third parties. For example, in November 2020, UCAR Inc. approached us seeking payment for certain historical expenses UCAR Inc. allegedly paid on behalf of us. We have been working with our legal counsel to evaluate the claims by UCAR Inc. As of the date of this annual report, we are not aware of any litigation brought by UCAR Inc. against us in connection with such claims. There are uncertainties as to whether these events would evolve into litigation or other formal proceedings.

20

Table of Contents

Any such disputes may not only be costly and time-consuming to solve, but may also harm our reputation, subject us to contractual liabilities or significant settlement amounts, or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We, our directors, management and employees may be subject to litigation and regulatory investigations and proceedings, such as claims in relation to commercial, food safety, labor, employment, privacy, information security, antitrust, securities matters or any other subject, and may not always be successful in defending ourselves against such claims or proceedings.

We face potential liability, expenses for legal claims and harm due to our business nature. For example, customers could assert legal claims against us in connection with personal injuries related to food poisoning or tampering. The PRC government, media outlets and public advocacy groups have been increasingly focused on customer protection in recent years. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Customer Rights Protection.” Selling of defective products may expose us to liabilities associated with customer protection laws. Sellers are responsible for compensation on customer’s loss even if the contamination of food is not caused by the sellers. Thus, we may also be held liable if our suppliers or other business partners fail to comply with applicable food-safety related rules and regulations. Though we can ask the responsible parties for indemnity, our reputation could still be adversely affected. In addition, our directors, management and employees may from time to time be subject to litigation and regulatory investigations and proceedings or otherwise face potential liability and expense in relation to commercial, labor, employment, privacy, information security, antitrust, securities or other matters, which could adversely affect our reputation and results of operations.

As a public company, we may face additional exposure to claims and lawsuits. We are subject to a number of legal proceedings, investigations and inquiries by governmental agencies, as well as a number of lawsuits filed by purchasers of our securities, including class action lawsuits. See “Item 8. Financial Information—8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings” for more details. We are currently unable to estimate the potential loss, if any, associated with the resolution of pending claims and lawsuits. We anticipate that we will continue to be a target for lawsuits in the future, including other class action lawsuits. There can be no assurance that we will be able to prevail in our defense or reverse any unfavorable judgment on appeal, and we may decide to settle lawsuits on unfavorable terms. Any adverse outcome of these cases, including any plaintiffs’ appeal of the judgment in these cases, could result in payments of substantial monetary damages or fines, or changes to our business practices, and thus have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and reputation. In addition, there can be no assurance that our insurance carriers will cover all or part of the defense costs, or any liabilities that may arise from these matters. The litigation process may utilize a significant portion of our cash resources and divert management’s attention from the day-to-day operations of our company, all of which could harm our business. We also may be subject to claims for indemnification related to these matters, and we cannot predict the impact that indemnification claims may have on our business or financial results.

Allegations against us or our management may harm our reputation and have a material and adverse impact on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

We have been, and may become, subject to allegations brought by our competitors, customers, business partners, short sellers, investment research firms or other individuals or entities. Any such allegation, with or without merit, or any perceived unfair, unethical, fraudulent or inappropriate business practice by us or perceived malfeasance by our management could harm our reputation and user base and distract our management from our daily operations. For example, on January 3, 2021, our Board received a letter from certain employees containing allegations against our Chairman and CEO, Dr. Jinyi Guo. The Board immediately formed an independent panel and subsequently an investigation team to conduct an investigation into the allegations and the circumstances of the letter. On February 17, 2021, we announced, that the investigation team found no substantiating evidence with respect to the alleged misconduct in the letter, and has reported its findings to the Board. Allegations against us or our management may also generate negative publicity that significantly harms our reputation, which may materially and adversely affect our user base and our ability to attract customers. In addition to the related cost, managing and defending such allegations can significantly divert management’s attention. All of these could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operation and cash flows.

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims from time to time, which are expensive to defend and may disrupt our business if we are found liable.

We cannot be certain that our operations or any aspects of our business do not or will not infringe upon or otherwise violate intellectual property rights held by third parties. Historically, we have been subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights of others. There could also be existing intellectual property of which we are not aware that our products may inadvertently infringe. Holders of intellectual property purportedly relating to some aspect of our technology platform or business have sought and may continue to seek to enforce such intellectual property against us in China, the United States or any other jurisdictions. To defend against these infringement claims, regardless of their merits, we have incurred and may continue to incur significant expenses, and we have been and may continue to be forced to divert our management’s time and other resources from our business and operations. If we are found to have violated the intellectual property rights of others, we may be subject to significant monetary liabilities for our infringement activities. In that event, we may also be restricted or prohibited from using such intellectual property and thus incur licensing fees or be forced to develop alternatives of our own. These consequences, among others, may substantially disrupt our business and operations, and our financial position and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.

We regard our trademarks, software copyrights, copyright of works, domain names, know-how, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property as critical to our success. There have been instances where third parties registered social media accounts under names similar to our trademarks in order to gain illegal benefits, against which we have initiated legal proceedings, and we may continue to become an attractive target to such attacks in the future with the increasing recognition of our brand. Any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated, or such intellectual property may not be sufficient to provide us with competitive advantages. We may also face challenges from third-parties relating to the use or ownership of trademarks, domain names and other intellectual property. In addition, there can be no assurance that (i) our pending applications for intellectual property rights will be approved, (ii) all of our intellectual property rights will be adequately protected, or (iii) our intellectual property rights will not be challenged or disputed by third parties, including the ownership of such rights, or found by a judicial authority to be invalid or unenforceable.

21

Table of Contents

We are subject to regulations, and future regulations may impose additional requirements and obligations on our business or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

The industries in which we operate are highly regulated. As China’s coffee industry as well as China’s food and beverage market in general is evolving rapidly and the PRC government is very concerned about customer protection, new laws and regulations may be adopted to address new issues that arise from time to time and to impose additional restrictions on our current business.

As we continue to grow in scale and significance, we expect to face increased scrutiny, which will, at a minimum, result in our having to increase our investment in compliance and related capabilities and systems. The increasing sophistication and development of our customer base will also increase the need for higher standards of customer protection, privacy protection and dispute management. Any increased involvement in inquiries or investigations could result in significantly higher legal and other costs and diversion of management and other resources, as well as negative publicity, which could materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations depend on the performance of the mobile-based systems, telecommunications networks and digital infrastructure in China.

Our new retail business model relies heavily on mobile-based systems, telecommunications networks and digital infrastructure. Almost all access to the internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. Moreover, we primarily rely on a limited number of telecommunication service providers to provide us with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines and internet data centers to host our servers. We have limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China’s internet infrastructure or the fixed telecommunications networks provided by telecommunication service providers. With the expansion of our business, we may be required to upgrade our technology and infrastructure to keep up with the increasing traffic on our mobile apps. We cannot assure you that the digital infrastructure and the telecommunications networks in China will be able to support the demands associated with the continued growth in digital usage.

In addition, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunication service providers. If the prices we pay for telecommunications and digital services rise significantly, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, if data access fees or other charges to mobile users increase, our user traffic may decline and our business may be harmed.

If we fail to manage our inventory effectively, our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity may be materially and adversely affected.

Our inventories are mostly coffee beans, coffee condiments, tea leaves, tea powder and pre-made food and beverage items with short shelf life, which require us to manage our inventory effectively. We rely on our demand forecasts for various kinds of raw materials and pre-made products to make purchase decisions and to manage our inventory. Such demand, however, can change significantly between the time inventory is ordered and the date by which we hope to sell it. Demand may be affected by seasonality, new product launches, pricing and discounts, product defects, changes in customer spending patterns, changes in customer tastes and other factors, and our customers may not order products in the quantities that we expect. In addition, when we begin selling a new product, it may be difficult to establish supplier relationships, determine appropriate product selection, and accurately forecast demand. The acquisition of certain types of inventory may require significant lead time and prepayment and they may not be returnable.

Furthermore, as we plan to continue expanding our product offerings, we expect to include a wider variety of products and raw materials in our inventory, which will make it more challenging for us to manage our inventory and logistics effectively. We cannot guarantee that our inventory levels will be able to meet the demands of customers, which may adversely affect our sales. We also cannot guarantee that all of our inventories can be consumed within their shelf lives. If we fail to manage our inventory effectively, we may be subject to a heightened risk of inventory obsolescence, a decline in inventory value, and significant inventory write-downs or write-offs. Any of the above may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. On the other hand, if we underestimate demand for our products, or if our suppliers fail to supply quality raw materials and pre-made products in a timely manner, we may experience inventory shortages, which might result in diminished brand loyalty and lost revenues, any of which could harm our business and reputation.

We have granted share-based awards in the past and will continue to grant share-based awards in the future, which may have an adverse effect on our future profit. Exercise of the share-based awards granted will increase the number of our shares in circulation, which may adversely affect the market price of our shares.

We adopted a share incentive plan in January 2019 (the “2019 Share Option Plan”) to enhance our ability to attract and retain exceptionally qualified individuals and to encourage them to acquire a proprietary interest in our growth and performance. The maximum aggregate number of Ordinary Shares we are authorized to issue pursuant to all awards under the 2019 Share Option Plan is 79,015,500 Ordinary Shares. As of the date of this annual report, 66,938,589 options (excluding any granted options that were subsequently canceled) have been granted with 25,841,904 vested yet not exercised and 34,611,173 unvested options under the 2019 Share Option Plan. We also adopted an equity incentive plan in January 2021 (the “2021 Equity Incentive Plan”) to retain, attract and motivate employees and directors by providing them with equity incentives. The maximum aggregate number of Ordinary Shares we are authorized to issue pursuant to all awards under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan is 222,769,232 Ordinary Shares. As of the date of this annual report, 4,209,293 restricted share units (excluding any granted restricted share units that were subsequently canceled) have been granted with no restricted share units vested under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—6.B. Compensation—Share Incentive Plan.” For the avoidance of doubt, the 2019 Share Option Plan (and any award offered thereunder) is not replaced or superseded by the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan and both plans continue to operate contemporaneously and independently.

We believe the granting of share-based awards is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key personnel and employees, and we expect to grant share-based compensation to employees in the future. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

22

Table of Contents

The growth and profitability of our business depend on the level of customer demand and discretionary spending in China. A severe or prolonged downturn in China’s economy could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

China’s coffee industry as well as China’s food and beverage market in general is affected by macroeconomic factors, including changes in international, national, regional and local economic conditions, employment levels, customer demand and discretionary spending. All of our stores are located in China and accordingly, our results of operations are affected by the macroeconomic conditions in China. Any deterioration of the PRC economy, decrease in disposable customer income and fear of a recession may lead to a reduction of customer demand and average spending per customer at our stores, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, the occurrence of a financial crisis, sovereign debt crisis, banking crisis or other disruptions in the global financial markets may have a material and adverse impact on our operating results.

We have limited insurance coverage, which could expose us to significant costs and business disruption.

We have obtained insurance to cover certain potential risks and liabilities that we face. However, insurance companies in China offer limited business insurance products. As a result, we may not be able to acquire insurance for all the potential risks we face in our operations in China, and our coverage may not be adequate to compensate for all losses that may occur, particularly with respect to loss of business or operations. We have no business interruption insurance to cover our operations and no product liability insurance to cover any potential product liabilities. We also do not maintain key-man life insurance.

There can be no assurance that our insurance coverage is sufficient to prevent us from any loss or that we will be able to successfully claim our losses under our current insurance policy on a timely basis, or at all. If we incur any loss that is not covered by our insurance policies, or the compensated amount is significantly less than our actual loss, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our business is subject to seasonal fluctuations and unexpected interruptions.

We experience seasonality in our business. We generally experience fewer purchase orders during holiday seasons, such as the Chinese New Year holidays. Our financial condition and results of operations for future quarters may continue to fluctuate and our historical quarterly results may not be comparable to future quarters. As a result, the trading price of the ADSs may fluctuate from time to time due to seasonality.

Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure

We are a Cayman Islands holding company. As a result, you may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China against us or our management based on foreign laws.

We are a holding company with no operations of our own.  We conduct substantially all of our operations in China through our subsidiaries in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. As such, investors in our ADSs are not purchasing equity securities of our subsidiaries that have substantive business operations in China but instead are purchasing equity securities of a Cayman Islands holding company. In addition, all our executive officers reside within China for a significant portion of the time and most are PRC nationals. As a result, it may be difficult for our shareholders to effect service of process upon us or those persons residing inside China. In addition, China does not have treaties providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts with the Cayman Islands, United States and many other countries and regions. Therefore, recognition and enforcement in China of judgments of a court in any of these non-PRC jurisdictions in relation to any matter not subject to a binding arbitration provision may be difficult or impossible.

We established our VIE to hold certain foreign restricted licenses and permits which we may need in the future. Failure by our VIE or its nominee shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them could have an adverse effect on our business.

PRC laws and regulations prohibit foreign ownership in certain telecommunication related businesses. To comply with these foreign ownership restrictions, we rely on contractual arrangements with our VIE rather than equity ownership in it to use, or otherwise benefit from, certain foreign restricted licenses and permits that we may need in the future, such as the internet content provider license held by our VIE. The contractual arrangements contain terms that specifically obligate the VIE’s nominee shareholders to ensure the valid existence of the VIE and restrict the disposal of material assets of the VIE. However, these contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over our VIE. For example, our VIE and its nominee shareholders could breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, failing to conduct their operations in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests. In the event the VIE’s nominee shareholders breach the terms of these contractual arrangements and voluntarily liquidate our VIE, or our VIE declares bankruptcy and all or part of its assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, or are otherwise disposed of without our consent, we may be unable to benefit from the assets held by the VIE, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, if our VIE undergoes a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, its nominee shareholders or unrelated third- party creditors may claim rights to some or all of the assets of the VIE, thereby hindering our business.

23

Table of Contents

If our VIE structure were to be deemed as a method of foreign investment under any current or future PRC laws, regulations and rules, and if any of our business operations carried out by our subsidiaries were to be restricted or prohibited from foreign investment, our current corporate structure, business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

On January 19, 2015, the PRC Ministry of Commerce (“MOFCOM”), published the Draft Foreign Investment Law (2015). At the same time, MOFCOM published an accompanying explanatory note of the draft Foreign Investment Law (2015), which contains important information about the draft Foreign Investment Law (2015), including its drafting philosophy and principles, main table of contents, plans to transition to the new legal regime and treatment of business in China controlled by foreign-invested enterprises. The Draft Foreign Investment Law (2015) proposes significant changes to the PRC foreign investment legal regime and, when implemented, may have a significant impact on business in China controlled by foreign-invested enterprises primarily through contractual arrangements, such as our business. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview— Regulation—Regulations on Foreign Investment” for further details. MOFCOM suggests both registration and approval as potential options for the regulation of variable interest entity structures, depending on whether they are “Chinese” or “foreign controlled.” One of the core concepts of the draft Foreign Investment Law (2015) is “de facto control,” which emphasizes substance over form in determining whether an entity is “Chinese” or “foreign-controlled”. “Chinese investors” are individuals who are Chinese nationals, Chinese government agencies and any domestic enterprise controlled by Chinese nationals or government agencies. “Foreign investors” are foreign citizens, foreign governments, international organizations and entities controlled by foreign citizens and entities.

It is unclear whether our current corporate structure will be considered “Chinese” under the scheme of the Draft Foreign Investment Law (2015). In the event that our contractual arrangements with our VIE and shareholders of our VIE are not treated as a domestic investment and/or the foreign restricted licenses and permits held by the VIE are classified as a “prohibited business” in the Prohibited List or a “restricted business” in the Restricted List under the Draft Foreign Investment Law (2015) when officially enacted, such contractual arrangements may be deemed as invalid and illegal and we may be required to unwind the contractual arrangements and/or dispose of such business.

In December 2018, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of PRC published the Draft Foreign Investment Law (2018) for public comments. On March 15, 2019, the Foreign Investment Law was formally issued, which became effective on January 1, 2020. The Foreign Investment Law mainly focuses on foreign investment promotion, foreign investment protection and foreign investment management. Compared with the draft Foreign Investment Law (2015), the Foreign Investment Law does not mention concepts including “De facto control” and “controlling PRC companies by contracts or trusts,” nor did it specify the regulation on controlling through contractual arrangements.

However, since the Foreign Investment Law is relatively new, uncertainties still exist in relation to its interpretation and implementation. For example, the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC adds a catchall clause to the definition of “foreign investment” so that foreign investment, by its definition, includes “investments made by foreign investors in China through other means defined by other laws or administrative regulations or provisions promulgated by the State Council” without further elaboration on the meaning of “other means.” It leaves leeway for future legislation promulgated by the State Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. It is therefore uncertain whether our corporate structure will be seen as violating the foreign investment rules.

Furthermore, on December 19, 2020, the NDRC and MOFCOM promulgated the Foreign Investment Security Review Measures, which took effect on January 18, 2021. Under the Foreign Investment Security Review Measures, investments in military, national defense-related areas or in locations in proximity to military facilities, or investments that would result in acquiring the actual control of assets in certain key sectors, such as critical agricultural products, energy and resources, equipment manufacturing, infrastructure, transport, cultural products and services, IT, Internet products and services, financial services and technology sectors, are required to be approved by designated governmental authorities in advance. Although the term “investment through other means” is not clearly defined under the Foreign Investment Security Review Measures, we cannot rule out the possibility that control through contractual arrangement may be regarded as a form of actual control and therefore require approval from the competent governmental authority. As the Foreign Investment Security Review Measures were recently promulgated, there are great uncertainties with respect to its interpretation and implementation. Accordingly, there are substantial uncertainties as to whether our VIE structure may be deemed as a method of foreign investment in the future. If our VIE structure were to be deemed as a method of foreign investment under any future laws, regulations and rules, and if any of our business operations were to fall under the “negative list” for foreign investment, we would need to take further actions in order to comply with these laws, regulations and rules, which may materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Contractual arrangements in relation to our VIE may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities, and they may determine that we or our VIE owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.

Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities within ten years after the taxable year when the transactions are conducted. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the VIE contractual arrangements were not entered into on an arm’s-length basis in such a way as to result in an impermissible reduction in taxes under applicable PRC laws, rules and regulations, and adjust the income of our VIE, if any, in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction of expense deductions recorded by our VIE for PRC tax purposes, which could in turn increase its tax liabilities without reducing our PRC subsidiaries’ tax expenses. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on our VIE for the adjusted but unpaid taxes according to the applicable regulations. Our financial position could be materially and adversely affected if our VIE’s tax liabilities increase or if it is required to pay late payment fees and other penalties.

24

Table of Contents

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act and other applicable legislation and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our fifth amended and restated articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Moreover, certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable. Substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States, and substantially all of our operations are conducted in China. In addition, most of our directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management or the Board than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

Risks Relating to Doing Business in China

Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

Substantially all of our assets and operations are located in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the level of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Specifically, the PRC government has significant oversight over the conduct of our business and may intervene in our operations as the government deems appropriate, which may potentially result in a material adverse effect on our operations. The PRC government has also recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight over securities offerings that are conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could impact our ability to raise capital in international capital markets. Any such action could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to a reduction in demand for our products and adversely affect our competitive position. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. In addition, in the past the Chinese government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate adjustment, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, which may adversely affect our business and operating results.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.

The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions under the civil law system may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value.

25

Table of Contents

In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation since then has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy. These uncertainties may affect our judgment on the relevance of legal requirements and our ability to enforce our contractual rights or tort claims. In addition, the regulatory uncertainties may be exploited through unmerited or frivolous legal actions or threats in attempts to extract payments or benefits from us.

Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all and may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. In addition, any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

Trading in our ADSs may be prohibited under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if PCAOB is unable to inspect our auditor.

Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit reports included in our annual reports filed with the SEC, as auditors of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”), is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with the applicable laws of the United States and professional standards. Because our auditor is located in China (including Hong Kong), a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections and access critical accounting records without the approval of the PRC authorities, our auditor is not currently inspected by the PCAOB. This lack of the PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of our auditors. As a result, we and our investors are deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections, which could cause investors and potential investors to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.

In a joint public statement on April 21, 2020, the Chairman of the SEC, the Chairman of the PCAOB, the SEC Chief Accountant and the Directors of the SEC Divisions of Corporation Finance and Investment Management reminded market participants that this inability of the PCAOB to inspect the audit work and practices of PCAOB-registered accounting firms in China (including Hong Kong, to the extent their audit clients have operations in China) represented a significant risk to both investors and finance professionals. As part of a continued regulatory focus in the United States on access to audit and other information currently protected by foreign national law, the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “HFCA Act”) was signed into law on December 18, 2020, which requires the SEC to propose rules to prohibit securities of any registrant from being listed on any of the U.S. securities exchanges or traded “over the counter” if the auditor of the registrant’s financial statements is not subject to PCAOB inspection for three consecutive years after the law becomes effective. On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final amendments to implement the congressionally mandated submission and disclosure requirements of the HFCA Act. Consistent with the HFCA Act, the amendments require the submission of documentation to the SEC establishing that such a registrant is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in that foreign jurisdiction and also require disclosure in a foreign issuer’s annual report regarding the audit arrangements of, and governmental influence on, such registrants. The interim final rule is effective on May 5, 2021. The SEC staff is also currently assessing how best to implement other requirements of the HFCA Act, including the identification process and the trading prohibition requirements.

On May 13, 2021, the PCAOB proposed a new rule, PCAOB Rule 6100, to provide a framework for its determinations under the HFCA Act that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction. The proposed rule would establish the manner of the PCAOB’s determinations; the factors the PCAOB will evaluate and the documents and information the PCAOB will consider when assessing whether a determination is warranted; the form, public availability, effective date, and duration of such determinations; and the process by which the PCAOB can modify or vacate those determinations. The PCAOB is currently seeking public comment on the proposal. It is unclear when the PCAOB will complete this rulemaking and when such rule will become effective.

On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed a bill to amend Section 104(i) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (15 U.S.C. 7214(i)) to prohibit securities of any registrant from being listed on any of the U.S. securities exchanges or traded “over the counter” if the auditor of the registrant’s financial statements is not subject to PCAOB inspection for two consecutive years, instead of three consecutive years, after the law becomes effective. It is unclear when the U.S. House of Representatives will pass a bill to make similar amendments, or when the U.S. President will sign on the bill to make the amendment into law, or at all.

Enactment of this legislation or other efforts to increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of the ADSs could be adversely affected. Additionally, whether the PCAOB will be able to conduct inspections of our auditors in the next three years, or at all, is subject to substantial uncertainty and depends on a number of factors out of our control. If we are unable to meet the PCAOB inspection requirement in time, our ADSs will not be permitted to be listed or for trading “over-the-counter”. Such a prohibition would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wish to do so, and the associated risk and uncertainty would have a negative impact on the price of our ADSs. Also, such a prohibition would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

26

Table of Contents

Various legislative and regulatory developments related to U.S.-listed China-based companies and other developments due to political tensions between the United States and China may have a material adverse impact on our listing and trading in the U.S. and the trading prices of our ADSs.

We may be affected by the legislative and regulatory developments related to U.S.-listed China-based companies. For example, on July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council issued Several Opinions Concerning Lawfully and Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities, pursuant to which the supervision of U.S.-listed China-based companies will be strengthened and the development of relevant regulatory systems in the PRC will be promoted. Furthermore, on July 30, 2021, Gary Gensler, the chair of the SEC, released a statement that, among other things, outlined efforts by the SEC to seek certain disclosures from offshore issuers associated with China-based operating companies before their registration statements will be declared effective. The statement also indicated efforts of the SEC to engage in targeted additional reviews of filings for companies with significant China-based operations. Our ADS prices may be materially and adversely affected as a result of investors’ general concern over China-based companies in light of any such developments. In addition, the political tensions between the United States and China have escalated due to, among other things, trade disputes, the COVID-19 outbreak, sanctions imposed by the U.S. Department of Treasury on certain officials of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the central government of the PRC and the president executive orders in August 2020 that prohibit certain transactions with certain Chinese companies and their applications. Rising political tensions could reduce levels of trades, investments, technological exchanges and other economic activities between the two major economies, which would have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, there have been recent media reports on deliberations within the U.S. government regarding potentially limiting or restricting China-based companies from accessing U.S. capital markets. If any such deliberations were to materialize, the resulting legislation may have material and adverse impact on the stock performance of China-based issuers listed in the United States.

We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a Cayman Islands holding company and we rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including for services of any debt we may incur.

Our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends is based upon their distributable earnings. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to their respective shareholders only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our PRC subsidiaries and our VIE are required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. Before January 1, 2020, each of our PRC subsidiaries as a Foreign Invested Enterprise (“FIE”), is also required to further set aside a portion of its after- tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund, although the amount to be set aside, if any, is determined at its discretion. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. If our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to distribute dividends or other payments to their respective shareholders could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

In addition, the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax rate of up to 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are incorporated.

The approval of the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required under PRC law in connection with our offshore securities offering, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors (the “M&A Rules”), adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, requires an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC persons or entities to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear, and any offshore securities offerings, such as our planned issuance of senior secured notes as part of the consideration provided to the holders of the Notes, as contemplated in the RSA, may ultimately require approval of the CSRC. If the CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain the approval and, even if we obtain such CSRC approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the CSRC approval for our offshore securities offering, or a rescission of such approval if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities, which could include fines and penalties on our operations in China, restrictions or limitations on our ability to pay dividends outside of China, and other forms of sanctions that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

27

Table of Contents

On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council issued Several Opinions Concerning Lawfully and Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. As these opinions are recently issued, official guidance and related implementation rules have not been issued yet and the interpretation of these opinions remains unclear at this stage. We cannot assure you that any new rules or regulations promulgated in the future will not impose additional requirements on us. If it is determined in the future that approval from the CSRC or other regulatory authorities or other procedures, including the cybersecurity review under the enacted version of the revised Measures for Cybersecurity Review, are required for our offshore securities offerings, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain such approval or complete such procedures and any such approval or completion could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval or completing such procedures for our offshore securities offerings, or a rescission of any such approval if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities for failure to seek CSRC approval or other government authorization for our offshore securities offerings. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our offshore securities offerings into China or take other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our shares. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our offshore securities offerings. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals or accomplish the required filing or other regulatory procedures for our prior offshore securities offerings, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, reputation, and the trading price of our securities.

If we fail to complete the NDRC filing in connection with any note offering, the NDRC may impose penalties or other administrative procedures on us.

On September 14, 2015, the NDRC promulgated the Notice of the National Development and Reform Commission on Promoting the Reform of Managing the External Debt Issuance by Enterprises with a Record filing and Registration System (the “NDRC Notice”). Pursuant to the NDRC Notice, if a PRC enterprise or an offshore enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise wishes to issue bonds outside the PRC with a maturity of more than one year, such PRC enterprise must, in advance of issuing such bonds, file certain prescribed documents with the NDRC and obtain a registration certificate from the NDRC in respect of such issue. According to the NDRC Notice, the NDRC will decide whether to accept a submission within five working days upon receipt of the submission and is expected to issue a decision on the submission within seven working days after it accepts the submission. The enterprise must also report certain details of the bonds to the NDRC within 10 business days upon the completion of the bond issuance. Accordingly, we are required to complete the NDRC filing for any note offering outside the PRC and with a maturity of more than one year, for example, the senior secured notes that we intend to issue as part of the consideration provided to the holders of the Notes, as contemplated in the RSA. While we have submitted an application for such notes, we cannot assure you that our application will be approved.

The NDRC Notice does not clarify the legal consequences of non-compliance with the relevant requirements thereunder. However, since the issuance of the NDRC Notice, the NDRC has issued some additional guidelines on its official website and the Notice of Improving the Market Restraint Mechanism and Strictly Preventing Foreign Debt Risks and Local Debt Risks, or the 2018 NDRC Notice, on May 11, 2018. These additional guidelines and the 2018 NDRC Notice state that companies, investment banks, law firms and other intermediaries involved in debt securities issuances which do not comply with the relevant regulations will be subject to a blacklist and sanctions. The 2018 NDRC Notice supplement that the liable parties will be restricted on filing for new applications or participating in other filing for foreign debts. The 2018 NDRC Notice is silent as to how such blacklist will be implemented or the exact sanctions that will be enacted by the NDRC, or any impact on the noteholders, in the event of a non-compliance by us with the NDRC Notice. We have undertaken to notify the NDRC of the particulars of the issuance of the Notes within the prescribed period under the NDRC Notice. Since the NDRC Notice and 2018 NDRC Notice are without any detailed implementation procedures, there is no assurance that the NDRC will not issue further implementation rules or notices which may require additional steps in terms of the registration or provide sanctions or other administrative procedures the NDRC may impose in case of failure to obtain such registration certificate from the NDRC, or complete NDRC post issuance filing.

We may be subject to liability for placing advertisements with content that is deemed inappropriate or misleading under PRC laws.

PRC laws and regulations prohibit advertising companies from producing, distributing or publishing any advertisement with content that violates PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of the PRC, involves designs of the PRC national flag, national emblem or national anthem or the music of the national anthem, is considered reactionary, obscene, superstitious or absurd, is fraudulent, or disparages similar products. We may be subject to claims by customers misled by information on our mobile apps, website or other portals where we put our advertisements on. We may not be able to recover our losses from advertisers by enforcing the indemnification provisions in the contracts, which may result us in diverting management’s time and other resources from our business and operations to defend against these infringement claims. As a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our employment practices may be adversely impacted under the labor contract law of the PRC.

The PRC National People’s Congress promulgated the Labor Contract Law which became effective on January 1, 2008 and was amended on December 28, 2012, and the State Council promulgated implementing rules for the labor contract law on September 18, 2008. The labor contract law and the implementing rules impose requirements concerning, among others, the execution of written contracts between employers and employees, the time limits for probationary periods, and the length of employment contracts. The interpretation and implementation of these regulations are still evolving, our employment practices may violate the labor contract law and related regulations and we could be subject to penalties, fines or legal fees as a result. If we are subject to severe penalties or incur significant legal fees in connection with labor law disputes or investigations, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

28

Table of Contents

We may be subject to additional contributions of social insurance and housing fund and late payments and fines imposed by relevant governmental authorities.

Companies operating in China are required to participate in various government sponsored employee benefit plans, including certain social insurance, housing funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of our employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time at locations where we operate our businesses. The requirement of employee benefit plans has not been implemented consistently by the local governments in China given the different levels of economic development in different locations. The relevant government authorities may examine whether an employer has made adequate payments of the requisite employee benefit payments, and employers who fail to make adequate payments may be subject to late payment fees, fines and/or other penalties.

According to Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Accelerating the Reform of the “Five in One” and “One License One Code” Registration System, PRC subsidiaries shall no longer separately obtain any social insurance registration certificate. Under the Regulations on the Administration of Housing Fund, PRC subsidiaries shall register with applicable housing fund management centers and establish a special housing fund account in an entrusted bank. Both PRC subsidiaries and their employees are required to contribute to the employee benefits.

As of the date of this annual report, all of our PRC subsidiaries have completed the housing fund registration; however, we have not made adequate contributions to employee benefit plans for some of our employees. We have recorded accruals for the estimated underpaid amounts of employee benefit plans in our financial statements. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any notice from the relevant government authorities in this regard. However, the relevant government authorities could require us to pay the outstanding amount and impose late fees or fines on us. If we fail to make the outstanding employee benefit plans contributions within the prescribed time frame, we may be subject to a fine of up to three times the amount of the overdue payment. If we are otherwise subject to investigations related to non-compliance with labor laws and are imposed severe penalties or incur significant legal fees in connection with labor law disputes or investigations, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Non-compliance with labor-related laws and regulations of the PRC may have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operation.

We have been subject to stricter regulatory requirements in terms of entering into labor contracts with our employees and paying various statutory employee benefits, including pensions, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and childbearing insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. Pursuant to the PRC Labor Contract Law, or the Labor Contract Law, that became effective in January 2008 and was amended in December 2012 and its implementing rules that became effective in September 2008, employers are subject to stricter requirements in terms of signing labor contracts, minimum wages, paying remuneration, determining the term of employees’ probation and unilaterally terminating labor contracts. In the event that we decide to terminate some of our employees or otherwise change our employment or labor practices, the Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules may limit our ability to effect those changes in a desirable or cost- effective manner, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. We engage independent third-party service providers to recruit some outsourced staff. A majority of our part-time storefront staff were such outsourced staff as of December 31, 2020. We believe that we are in compliance with labor-related laws and regulations of the PRC. However, the relevant governmental authorities may take a different view and impose punishment, such as fines, on us.

As the interpretation and implementation of labor-related laws and regulations are still evolving, our employment practice could violate labor-related laws and regulations in China, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations. If we are deemed to have violated relevant labor laws and regulations, we could be required to provide additional compensation to our employees and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

The custodians or authorized users of our controlling non-tangible assets, including chops and seals, may fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets.

Under PRC law, legal documents for corporate transactions, including agreements and contracts are executed using the chop or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with relevant PRC industry and commerce authorities.

In order to secure the use of our chops and seals, we have established internal control procedures and rules for using these chops and seals. In any event that the chops and seals are intended to be used, the responsible personnel will submit the application through our office automation system and the application will be verified and approved by authorized employees in accordance with our internal control procedures and rules. In addition, in order to maintain the physical security of our chops, we generally have them stored in secured locations accessible only to authorized employees. Although we monitor such authorized employees, the procedures may not be sufficient to prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. There is a risk that our employees could abuse their authority, for example, by entering into a contract not approved by us or seeking to gain control of one of our subsidiaries or VIE. If any employee obtains, misuses or misappropriates our chops and seals or other controlling non-tangible assets for whatever reason, we could experience disruption to our normal business operations, and we may have to take corporate or legal action, which could involve significant time and resources to resolve and divert management from our operations.

29

Table of Contents

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies may delay us from using the proceeds of our offshore financing to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Any funds we transfer to our PRC subsidiaries, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China. According to the relevant PRC regulations on FIEs in China, capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to the reporting obligations to MOFCOM or their respective local branches and registration with a local bank authorized by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”). In addition, (i) any foreign loan procured by our PRC subsidiaries is required to be registered with SAFE or their respective local branches and (ii) our PRC subsidiaries may not procure loans which exceed the difference between their respective total investment amount and registered capital. Any medium or long-term loan to be provided by us to our VIE must be registered with the NDRC and SAFE or its local branches. We may not be able to complete such registrations on a timely basis, with respect to future capital contributions or foreign loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations, our ability to use the proceeds of our offshore financing, and to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions and the foreign exchange policy adopted by the PRC government. It is difficult to predict how long such depreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar may last and when and how the relationship between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar may change again. All of our revenues and substantially all of our costs are denominated in Renminbi. We are a holding company and we rely on dividends paid by our operating subsidiaries in China for our cash needs. Any significant revaluation of Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial position reported in Renminbi when translated into U.S. dollars, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, the ADSs in U.S. dollars. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our Ordinary Shares or the ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive substantially all of our revenues in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company primarily relies on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries in China may be used to pay dividends to our company. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries and VIE to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than Renminbi. The PRC government may at its discretion restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of the ADSs.

Certain PRC regulations may make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions.

Among other things, the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. Such regulation requires, among other things, that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor acquires control of a PRC domestic enterprise or a foreign company with substantial PRC operations, if certain thresholds under the Provisions on Thresholds for Prior Notification of Concentrations of Undertakings, issued by the State Council in 2008, are triggered. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC which became effective in 2008 requires that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds must be cleared by the MOFCOM before they can be completed. In addition, PRC national security review rules which became effective in September 2011 require acquisitions by foreign investors of PRC companies engaged in military-related or certain other industries that are crucial to national security be subject to security review before consummation of any such acquisition. We may pursue potential strategic acquisitions that are complementary to our business and operations.

Complying with the requirements of these regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval or clearance from the MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.

In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Special Purpose Vehicles (“SAFE Circular 37”), to replace the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Residents’ Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles (“SAFE Circular 75”), which ceased to be effective upon the promulgation of SAFE Circular 37. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents (including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities) to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. SAFE Circular 37 is applicable to our shareholders who are PRC residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future.

30

Table of Contents

Under SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who make, or have prior to the implementation of SAFE Circular 37 made, direct or indirect investments in offshore special purpose vehicles (“SPVs”), will be required to register such investments with SAFE or its local branches. In addition, any PRC resident who is a direct or indirect shareholder of an SPV is required to update its filed registration with the local branch of SAFE with respect to that SPV, to reflect any material change. Moreover, any subsidiary of such SPV in China is required to urge the PRC resident shareholders to update their registration with the local branch of SAFE. If any PRC shareholder of such SPV fails to make the required registration or to update the previously filed registration, the subsidiary of such SPV in China may be prohibited from distributing its profits or the proceeds from any capital reduction, share transfer or liquidation to the SPV, and the SPV may also be prohibited from making additional capital contributions into its subsidiary in China. On February 13, 2015, the SAFE promulgated a Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment (“SAFE Notice 13”), which became effective on June 1, 2015. Under SAFE Notice 13, applications for foreign exchange registration of inbound foreign direct investments and outbound overseas direct investments, including those required under SAFE Circular 37, will be filed with qualified banks instead of SAFE. The qualified banks will directly examine the applications and accept registrations under the supervision of SAFE.

Some of our shareholders that we are aware of are subject to SAFE regulations, and some of our shareholders have completed all necessary registrations with the local SAFE branch or qualified banks as required by SAFE Circular 37. We cannot assure you, however, that all of these individuals have completed all necessary registrations required by SAFE 37 and will continue to make required filings or updates in a timely manner, or at all. We can provide no assurance that we are or will in the future continue to be informed of identities of all PRC residents holding direct or indirect interest in our company. Any failure or inability by such individuals to comply with SAFE regulations may subject us to fines or legal sanctions, such as restrictions on our cross-border investment activities or our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to, or obtain foreign exchange-denominated loans from, our company or prevent us from making distributions or paying dividends. As a result, our business operations and our ability to make distributions to you could be materially and adversely affected.

Furthermore, as these foreign exchange regulations are still relatively new and their interpretation and implementation have been constantly evolving, it is unclear how these regulations, and any future regulation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant government authorities. For example, we may be subject to a more stringent review and approval process with respect to our foreign exchange activities, such as remittance of dividends and foreign- currency-denominated borrowings, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we decide to acquire a PRC domestic company, we cannot assure you that we or the owners of such company, as the case may be, will be able to obtain the necessary approvals or complete the necessary filings and registrations required by the foreign exchange regulations. This may restrict our ability to implement our acquisition strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects.

Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed Company, replacing earlier rules promulgated in 2007. Pursuant to these rules, PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the PRC subsidiaries of such overseas-listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, an overseas-entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. We and our executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or who reside in the PRC for a continuous period of not less than one year and who have been granted share-based awards are subject to these regulations as our company is an overseas-listed company. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject them to fines and legal sanctions, there may be additional restrictions on the ability of them to exercise their stock options or remit proceeds gained from the sale of their stock into the PRC. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees under PRC law. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Stock Incentive Plans.”

Any adverse change in our tax treatment could have a material and adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

Our products and services are subject to value-added tax (“VAT”), at a rate of 6%, 10% and 16% before April 1, 2019 and since then 6%, 9% and 13%. VAT is recorded as reduction of our revenue, which amounted to RMB62.9 million in 2018, RMB207.3 million in 2019 and RMB275.8 million (US$42.3 million) in 2020. If the tax authority has a different view on our VAT accounting treatment, our results of operations may be adversely affected.

If our offshore companies are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders and the ADS holders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside the PRC with its “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the State Administration of Taxation (“SAT”) issued a circular, known as SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular applies only to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” text should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises.

According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China, and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and Board and shareholder resolutions are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

31

Table of Contents

We believe our offshore companies, i.e. our companies other than PRC subsidiaries and VIE, are not PRC resident enterprises for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the PRC tax authorities determine that any of our offshore companies is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we would be subject to PRC enterprise income on our worldwide income at the rate of 25%. Furthermore, the Company would be required to withhold a 10% tax from dividends it pays to its shareholders that are non-resident enterprises, including the holders of the ADSs. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders (including the ADS holders) may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 10% on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs or Ordinary Shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. Furthermore, if the Company is deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid to its non-PRC individual shareholders (including the ADS holders) and any gain realized on the transfer of the ADSs or Ordinary Shares by such shareholders may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 20% (which, in the case of dividends, may be withheld at source by the Company). These rates may be reduced by an applicable tax treaty, but it is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of the Company would be able to obtain the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that the Company is treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ADSs or Ordinary Shares.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued the Public Notice Regarding Certain Corporate Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-Tax Resident Enterprises (“SAT Bulletin 7”). SAT Bulletin 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to transactions involving the transfer of taxable assets through offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, SAT Bulletin 7 has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. SAT Bulletin 7 also brings challenges to both foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of taxable assets, as such persons need to determine whether their transactions are subject to these rules and whether any withholding obligation applies.

On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source (“SAT Bulletin 37”), which came into effect on December 1, 2017. The SAT Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of the withholding of non-resident enterprise income tax.

Where a non-resident enterprise transfers taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, which is an Indirect Transfer, the non-resident enterprise as either transferor or transferee, or the PRC entity that directly owns the taxable assets, may report such Indirect Transfer to the relevant tax authority. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such Indirect Transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who pays for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if the transferee fails to withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes.

We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries and investments. Our company may be subject to filing obligations or taxed if our company is transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company is transferee in such transactions, under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. For transfer of shares in our company by investors who are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Regulation and censorship of information disseminated over the internet in China may adversely affect our business and reputation and subject us to liability for information displayed on our website.

The PRC government has adopted regulations governing internet access and the distribution of news and other information over the internet. Under these regulations, internet content providers and internet publishers are prohibited from posting or displaying over the internet content that, among other things, violates PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of China, or is reactionary, obscene, superstitious, fraudulent or defamatory. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in the revocation of licenses to provide internet content and other licenses, and the closure of the concerned websites. The website operator may also be held liable for such censored information displayed on or linked to the websites. If our website is found to be in violation of any such requirements, we may be penalized by relevant authorities, and our operations or reputation could be adversely affected.

Risks Relating to the ADSs

Our dual-class share structure with different voting rights limits your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and the ADSs may view as beneficial.

We have adopted a dual-class share structure such that our Ordinary Shares consist of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to ten votes. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances.

Due to this dual-class share structure, our shareholders have experienced changes to their voting powers when certain Class B ordinary shares are converted into Class A ordinary shares, and our shareholders may experience future changes in the voting powers resulting from the factors including new Class B share conversion or future share issuances, among others. As of July 31, 2021, Class B ordinary shares constituted approximately 7.1% of our total issued and outstanding share capital and 43.5% of the aggregate voting power of our total issued and outstanding share capital. As of July 31, 2021, to our knowledge, Centurium Capital and its affiliates hold approximately 100.0% of our Class B ordinary shares, representing 43.5% of the aggregate voting power.

32

Table of Contents

As a result of this dual-class share structure, the holders of our Class B ordinary shares have concentrated control over the outcome of matters put to a vote of shareholders and have significant influence over our business, including decisions regarding mergers, consolidations, liquidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. The holders of Class B ordinary shares may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders or holders of the ADSs. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the effect of depriving our other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the trading price of the ADSs. This concentrated control limits your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial. In addition, future issuances of Class B ordinary shares may be dilutive to the holders of Class A ordinary shares. As a result, the market price of our Class A ordinary shares could be adversely affected.

The trading price of the ADSs has been and may continue to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

Our ADSs were listed on NASDAQ Global Select Market (the “Nasdaq”), since our SEC-registered initial public offering in May 2019. We received a delisting notice from Nasdaq on May 15, 2020 and requested a hearing on May 22, 2020. We received another delisting notice from Nasdaq for failure to file our annual report on June 17, 2020. We notified Nasdaq of the Company’s decision to withdraw its request for the hearing on June 24, 2020. On July 1, 2020, we were delisted from Nasdaq when the staff of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC filed a Form 25 Notification of Delisting. Our ADSs have been quoted on the OTC Pink Limited Information initially under the symbol “LKNCY” since the Nasdaq suspended the trading of our ADSs on June 29, 2020.

The OTC Market is a significantly more limited market than Nasdaq. The quotation of our ADSs on the OTC Market may result in a less liquid market available for existing and potential stockholders to trade our ADSs, could depress the trading price of our ADSs and could have a long-term adverse impact on our ability to raise capital in the future.

The daily closing trading prices of our ADSs ranged from US$1.38 to US$50.02 per ADS in 2020. For the period from January 1, 2020 to June 29, 2020 (suspension by the Nasdaq of the trading of our ADSs on the Nasdaq), the daily closing trading prices of our ADSs ranged from US$1.38 to US$50.02 per ADS. Since our ADSs have been quoted on the OTC market, the daily closing trading prices of our ADSs ranged from US$1.54 to US$17.48 per ADS up to the date of this annual report. The trading price of the ADSs has been volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for the ADSs may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

·                  variations in our revenues, earnings and cash flows;

·                  announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships or joint ventures by us or our competitors;

·                  announcements of new offerings and expansions by us or our competitors;

·                  changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;

·                  detrimental adverse publicity about us, our products and services or our industry;

·                  announcements of new regulations, rules or policies relevant for our business;

·                  additions or departures of key personnel;

·                  release of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding equity securities or sales of additional equity securities;

·                  sales of additional ADSs in the public market or other equity-linked securities, or the perception of these events;

·                  convertible arbitrage strategy employed by certain investors in our Notes, including related short selling of our ADSs; and

·                  potential litigation or regulatory investigations.

Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which the ADSs will trade.

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market prices for internet-related companies and companies with operations in China in particular, have experienced volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of such companies. The securities of some China-based companies that have listed their securities in the United States have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings in recent years, including, in some cases, substantial declines in the trading prices of their securities. The trading performances of these companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies listed in the United States in general, which consequently may impact the trading performance of the ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or other matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have engaged in any inappropriate activities. In particular, the global financial crisis and the ensuing economic recessions in many countries have contributed and may continue to contribute to extreme volatility in the global stock markets. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of the ADSs. Volatility or a lack of positive performance in the trading price of the ADSs may also adversely affect our ability to retain key employees, most of whom have been granted options or other equity incentives.

33

Table of Contents

In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. Our involvement in such class actions could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of ADSs in the public market or other equity-linked securities could cause the price of ADSs to decline. See “Risks Relating to Our Internal Investigation, Restatement of Our Consolidated Financial Statements, Internal Controls, Offshore Restructuring and Related Matters—We have been named as a defendant in a number of lawsuits filed by purchasers of our securities, including class action lawsuits that could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operation and cash flows, and our reputation.”

Sales of substantial amounts of ADSs in the public market or other equity-linked securities, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the trading price of ADSs. Certain holders of our Ordinary Shares have the right to cause us to register under the Securities Act the sale of their shares. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in ADSs representing these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Sales of these registered shares in the form of ADSs in the public market could cause the price of the ADSs to decline.

The voting rights of holders of the ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to direct the voting of your Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs.

Holders of the ADSs do not have the same rights as our registered shareholders. As a holder of the ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights which attach to the Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you may vote only by giving voting instructions to the depositary, as holder of the Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs. If we ask for your instructions, then upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares in accordance with those instructions. If we do not instruct the depositary to ask for your instructions, you can still give instructions, and the depositary may vote in accordance with instructions you give, but it is not required to do so. You will not be able to directly exercise any right to vote with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares unless you withdraw the shares and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice of the meeting to enable you to withdraw the shares underlying the ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting to allow you to attend the general meeting and to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our fifth amended and restated articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. Where any matter is to be put to a vote at a general meeting, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and to deliver our voting materials to you if we ask it to. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting material in time to ensure you can direct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the shares underlying the ADSs are voted, and you may have no legal remedy if the shares underlying the ADSs are not voted as you requested.

Because we do not expect to pay dividends periodically in the foreseeable future, you may mainly rely on a price appreciation of the ADSs for a return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay cash dividends periodically in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in the ADSs as a source for any future dividend income.

Techniques employed by short sellers and/or the convertible bond arbitrage strategy employed by investors in our Notes may drive down the trading price of the ADSs.

Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is in the short seller’s interest for the price of the security to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a security short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market.

We have been and may in the future again become the subject of short selling, the target of harassing or other detrimental conduct by third parties. We have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming, and could distract our management from growing our business. Even if such allegations are ultimately proven to be groundless, allegations against us could severely impact our business operations, and any investment in the ADSs could be greatly reduced or even rendered worthless.

Furthermore, we expect that many investors in, and potential purchasers of, our Notes will employ, or seek to employ, a convertible arbitrage strategy with respect to the Notes. Investors in the Notes would typically implement such a strategy by selling short the ADSs underlying the Notes and dynamically adjusting their short position while continuing to hold the Notes. Investors in the Notes may also implement this type of strategy by entering into swaps on the ADSs in lieu of or in addition to short selling the ADSs. The market activity related to such convertible arbitrage strategy could adversely affect prevailing trading prices of the ADSs.

34

Table of Contents

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the trading price for the ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for the ADSs will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If research analysts do not establish and maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades the ADSs or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the trading price for the ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the trading price or trading volume for the ADSs to decline.

You may experience dilution of your holdings due to the inability to participate in rights offerings.

We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not distribute rights to holders of the ADSs unless the distribution and sale of rights and the securities to which these rights relate are either exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of the ADSs, or are registered under the provisions of the Securities Act. The depositary may, but is not required to, attempt to sell these undistributed rights to third parties, and may allow the rights to lapse. We may be unable to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of the ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings as a result.

Our memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our Ordinary Shares and the ADSs.

Our memorandum and articles of association contain provisions which limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, our Board has the authority subject to any resolution of the shareholders to the contrary, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our Ordinary Shares. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our Board decides to issue preferred shares, the trading price of the ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our Ordinary Shares and the ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

We incur significant costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. As a company with less than US$1.07 billion in revenues for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Section 404”), in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting. The JOBS Act also permits an emerging growth company to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of such exemptions. After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC.

We expect the rules and regulations applicable to public companies to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, as a public company, we need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We also expect that operating as a public company makes it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It is also more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our Board or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

·                  the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K;

·                  the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

·                  the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

·                    the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.

35

Table of Contents

We will be required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

Our status as a passive foreign investment company (a “PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes for prior taxable years is subject to uncertainty, and there is a significant risk that we will be a PFIC for the current and future taxable years, which would result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors in our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares.

In general, a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC for any taxable year in which (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the average value of its assets (generally determined on a quarterly basis) consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S. corporation that owns at least 25% by value of the shares of another corporation is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties and investment gains. Cash is generally a passive asset for these purposes. Goodwill is an active asset under the PFIC rules to the extent attributable to activities that produce active income.

The determination of our PFIC status is subject to certain uncertainties and is made by applying principles and methodologies that are in some circumstances unclear. Because we hold a substantial amount of cash, our PFIC status for any taxable year will likely depend on the value of our goodwill. The value of our goodwill may be determined by averaging (on a quarterly basis) the excess of the sum of our market capitalization and liabilities over the value of our other assets. If the value of our goodwill for 2019 and 2020 is determined in such manner, based on the actual trading prices of our ADSs we will not have been a PFIC for our taxable years of 2019 and 2020. However, because our market capitalization declined significantly since the second quarter of 2020, there can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service will not assert that the true value of our goodwill for 2019 and the first quarter of 2020 is in fact lower. If the assertion of that position is successful, we would likely be treated as a PFIC for our taxable years of 2019 and 2020, but our PFIC status will depend on the value of our goodwill for those years. In addition, because we continue to hold substantial amounts of cash and financial investments, we may be a PFIC for our 2021 taxable year. Our PFIC status for our 2021 taxable year can be determined only after the end of the year as it will depend on the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets (including the value of our goodwill, which as described above may be determined, in large part, by reference to our market capitalization, which may be volatile). Moreover, it is not entirely clear how the contractual arrangements between us and our VIE will be treated for purposes of the PFIC rules, and we may be or become a PFIC if our VIE is not treated as owned by us. For these reasons, our PFIC status is uncertain.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor owns our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences and additional reporting obligations will apply to such U.S. investor. See “Item 10. Additional Information—10.E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding our PFIC status for any taxable year.

ADS holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws.

If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court. However, we believe that a contractual pre- dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a federal or state court in the City of New York, which has non-exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before entering into the deposit agreement.

If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and/or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us and/or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not permitted by applicable law, an action could proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any substantive provision of the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

36

Table of Contents

ITEM 4.                                                                 INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

4.A.                               History and Development of the Company

In June 2017, we incorporated Lucky Coffee Inc. under the laws of the Cayman Islands as our offshore holding company, which later changed its name to Luckin Coffee Inc. in September 2017. We are known as Luckin Coffee. In June 2017, we incorporated Lucky Coffee Inc. under the laws of the British Virgin Islands as Luckin Coffee Inc.’s wholly-owned subsidiary and our intermediate holding company to facilitate financing, which later changed its name to Luckin Coffee Investment Inc. in December 2017. Lucky Coffee (China) Limited was incorporated in June 2017 as Luckin Coffee Investment Inc.’s wholly-owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, which changed its name to Luckin Coffee (Hong Kong) Limited in October 2018, or Hong Kong Luckin. In April 2019, Luckin Coffee Investment Inc. incorporated another two wholly-owned subsidiaries, Luckin Coffee Roasting (Hong Kong) Limited and Luckin Coffee Roastery (Hong Kong) Limited, in Hong Kong.

In October 2017, December 2017 and March 2018, Hong Kong Luckin incorporated Beijing Luckin Coffee Co., Ltd., or Beijing WFOE, Luckin Investment (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. and Luckin Coffee (China) Co., Ltd., or Luckin China, as its wholly-owned subsidiaries in the PRC successively and began to operate coffee retail business. See “—4.C. Organizational Structure.”

In July 2018 and September 2018, Beijing WFOE entered into a series of contractual arrangements with the VIE established in June 2017, which enable us to obtain control over the VIE through Beijing WFOE. Such contractual arrangements consist of proxy agreement and power of attorney, confirmation and guarantee letters, spousal consent letter, share pledge agreement, master exclusive service agreement, business cooperation agreement and exclusive option agreement. See “—4.C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and its Nominee Shareholders.”

Luckin Coffee Inc. issued one ordinary share in June 2017 and issued one ordinary share in August 2017. In March 2018, Luckin Coffee Inc. increased ordinary shares to 750 shares and effected a share split, pursuant to which, the 750 ordinary shares were subdivided into 750,000 ordinary shares. After that, Luckin Coffee Inc. (i) issued 915,750 angel-1 shares, 513,000 angel-2 shares and 544,688 Series A convertible redeemable preferred shares in June 2018; (ii) issued 272,343 Series B convertible redeemable preferred shares in November 2018; (iii) issued 6,809 Series B convertible redeemable preferred shares in January 2019; and (iv) issued 188,393 Series B-1 convertible redeemable preferred shares in April 2019, to certain investors.

In May 2019, we completed the IPO in which we offered and sold an aggregate of 264,000,000 Class A ordinary shares in the form of ADSs. Concurrently with the IPO, we issued and sold 23,529,412 Class A ordinary shares to Louis Dreyfus Company B.V. Upon the IPO, 1,587,886,000 Class B ordinary shares and 7,605,500 Class A ordinary shares were automatically converted from our outstanding ordinary shares, angel shares and preferred shares prior to the IPO and after the 1:500 share split. On May 17, 2019, the ADSs began trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, under the symbol “LK.” In June 2019, we closed on the exercise in full of the over-allotment option to purchase an additional 39,600,000 Class A ordinary shares in the form of ADSs by the underwriters of our IPO. We received net proceeds of approximately US$607.2 million from our IPO and US$50.0 million from the concurrent private placements to Louis Dreyfus Company B.V. in May 2019 and exercise of over-allotment option after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses payable by us.

In January 2020, we completed a follow-on public offering in which we and a selling shareholder offered and sold an aggregate of 110,400,000 Class A ordinary shares in the form of ADSs, concurrent with a US$400,000,000 aggregate principal amount of the Notes. In the same month, we closed on the exercise in full of the over-allotment option to purchase an additional 16,560,000 Class A ordinary shares in the form of ADSs by the underwriters of our follow-on public offering and an additional US$60,000,000 principal amount of Notes by the initial purchasers of our convertible note offering. We received net proceeds of approximately US$418.3 million from our public offering in January 2020 and exercise of over-allotment option after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses payable by us. And we received net proceeds of approximately US$448.5 million from our convertible note offering in January 2020 and exercise of over-allotment option after deducting initial purchasers discounts and commissions and other offering expenses payable by us.

In May 2020, we received delisting notice from Nasdaq and requested a hearing. We received another delisting notice from Nasdaq for failure to file our annual report on June 17, 2020. We notified Nasdaq of the Company’s decision to withdraw its request for the hearing on June 24, 2020. On July 1, 2020, we were delisted from Nasdaq when the staff of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC filed a Form 25 Notification of Delisting. Our ADSs have been quoted on the OTC Pink Limited Information initially under the symbol “LKNCY” since the Nasdaq suspended the trading of our ADSs on June 29, 2020.

In July 2020, the Cayman Court appointed Alexander Lawson of Alvarez & Marsal Cayman Islands Limited and Wing Sze Tiffany Wong of Alvarez & Marsal Asia Limited to act as “light-touch” JPLs. The appointment of the JPLs was made pursuant to an application to appoint provisional liquidators by the Company in response to a winding up petition filed by a creditor of the Company. During the provisional liquidation period, we have been operating our business under the day-to-day control of our Board under the supervision of the JPLs. The JPLs and our Board entered into a protocol on October 16, 2020, which sets out the terms upon which the JPLs and our Board shall cooperate with respect to the ongoing management of the Company. Pursuant to the protocol, we need to seek the JPLs’ approval for key management issues, such as our cash allocation, certain outward payments and any and all steps proposed to be taken by our Board outside of the ordinary course of the business of the Company and its subsidiaries.

Since the appointment of the JPLs, we have been negotiating the Restructuring under the supervision of the JPLs. On March 16, 2021, we announced that we entered into a RSA with holders of a majority of the aggregate principal amount outstanding under the US$460 million Notes. Pursuant to the Restructuring contemplated in the RSA, the Company expects to restructure the Notes in a manner designed to allow the Company to comprehensively address its capital structure and better position it for long-term success. The Restructuring is expected to provide recovery to the holders of the Notes in the amount of approximately 91%-96% of par value.

37

Table of Contents

We are required to complete certain milestones under the RSA, including obtaining reasonable assurance of funding outside the PRC in an amount sufficient to satisfy the cash consideration to be distributed to the holders of the Notes (the “Financing Milestone”). On June 15, 2021, we announced that we completed the PRC regulatory approval process, including obtaining relevant approvals from The State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”) of the PRC through a designated PRC foreign exchange handling bank, to transfer such sufficient amount of funds out of the PRC through a planned capital reduction. The completion of the approval process satisfies the Financing Milestone under the RSA. As stated above, the RSA contemplates that the Restructuring will be implemented via a scheme of arrangement pursuant to section 86 of the Cayman Islands Companies Act. On September 1, 2021, we announced that the Company, the JPLs and the holders of a majority of the Notes extended the milestone to launch the scheme of arrangement from September 1, 2021 to September 22, 2021. On September 20, 2021, we filed an application with the Cayman Court seeking an order directing the convening of a meeting of the class of creditors affected by the scheme of arrangement to consider and, if thought fit, approve the scheme of arrangement, in compliance with the requirements under the RSA. See “Note 22 Subsequent events—Restructuring Support Agreement (“RSA”)” to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

In April 2021, we announced that we entered into an investment agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) with an affiliate of Centurium Capital, as the lead investor, and Joy Capital. Both Centurium Capital and Joy Capital are leading private equity investment firms in China and current shareholders of the Company. Pursuant to the Investment Agreement, (i) Centurium Capital has agreed to an investment, through a private placement, totaling approximately US$240 million in senior convertible preferred shares of the Company (“Senior Preferred Share(s)”), and (ii) Joy Capital has agreed to an investment, through a private placement, totaling approximately US$10 million in Senior Preferred Shares (collectively, the “Transactions”). Under certain circumstances, Centurium Capital and Joy Capital may be able to upsize their investment (the “Upsize”) on a pro rata basis for an aggregate additional amount of US$150 million. However, pursuant to the Investment Agreement, Centurium Capital and Joy Capital can no longer exercise the Upsize because the Company had obtained approval from SAFE to transfer funds out of the PRC by a benchmark date set forth therein. The closing of the Transactions will be subject to a series of closing conditions, including the implementation of the Restructuring of the Notes through a scheme of arrangement under section 86 of the Cayman Islands Companies Act in accordance with the terms of the RSA. We plan to use the proceeds of the Transactions to facilitate the Restructuring and fulfill our obligations under the settlement with the SEC. For the SEC settlement, see “Item 8. Financial Information—8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings—Governmental and Regulatory Inquiries—SEC Investigation and Settlement.”

On September 20, 2021, we entered into a binding term sheet (the “Term Sheet”) with the lead plaintiffs in the provisionally certified class action In re Luckin Coffee Inc. Securities Litigation, Case No.1:20-cv-01293-JPC-JLC  (SDNY) to fully resolve all claims that have been or could be filed on behalf of the provisionally certified class of purchasers Company’s ADS between May 17, 2019 through July 15, 2020, inclusive. Pursuant to the Term Sheet, the settlement is subject to entering into definitive documentation and obtaining approvals from the U.S. Court overseeing the class action and the Cayman Court, which has oversight of the provisional liquidation of the Company. The Term Sheet provides that the U.S. class action settlement amount will be calculated based on a Global Settlement Amount of US$187.5 million, which will be reduced on a pro-rata basis based on the valid opt-out notices received pursuant to the U.S. Court’s prior order approving dissemination of a notice of pendency. The final report of valid opt out notices received will be provided to the U.S. Court on or before October 8, 2021.

Our corporate headquarter is located at 28th Floor, Building T3, Haixi Jingu Plaza, 1-3 Taipei Road, Siming District, Xiamen, Fujian, PRC. Our telephone number at this address is +86-592-3386666. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Conyers Trust Company (Cayman) Limited, Cricket Square, Hutchins Drive, P.O. Box 2681, Grand Cayman, KY1-1111, Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc. located at 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10168.

The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system. We maintain our website at http://investor.luckincoffee.com/.

4.B.                              Business Overview

Our Mission

To create lucky moments and inspire.

Our Vision

To build a world-class coffee brand and become a part of everyone’s daily life.

Our Values

At Luckin, our five core values define who we are and guide us in carrying out our mission and realizing our vision:

·                  Integrity — We strive to be transparent and do what’s right. This includes following the rules, speaking the truth and being objective, honest and transparent.

·                  Craftsmanship — We strive to provide products and services of the highest quality. This includes maintaining strict quality control measures, being receptive to the needs of our customers and continuously improving our products and services.

·                  Innovation — We strive to stay curious and be open-minded about new ideas. This includes stepping out of our comfort zone and exploring ways to be at the forefront of new ideas and technology.

·                  Ownership - We strive to work with passion and reach for excellence in whatever we do. This includes having an optimistic and proactive attitude to solving problems and being accountable for our actions.

·                  Cooperation — We strive to build an environment of trust with every partner. This includes respecting the views of our partners, sharing information with our partners and thinking from the perspective of our partners.

38

Table of Contents

Overview

We believe we are one of the largest coffee networks in China in terms of number of stores as of December 31, 2020. We have pioneered a technology-driven new retail model to provide coffee, tea and other products with high quality, high convenience and high affordability to our customers. We believe that our disruptive model has fulfilled the large unmet demand for coffee and driven its mass market consumption in China, while allowing us to achieve significant scale and growth since our inception.

Driven by technology, our new retail model is built upon our mobile apps and store network.

·                  Mobile apps: Our mobile apps cover the entire customer purchase process, offering our customers a cashier-less environment. This enhances our customer experience, improves our operating efficiency, and allows us to stay connected with our customers and engage them anytime, anywhere.

·                  Store network: We operate most stores on our own. Additionally, we cooperate with our selective retail partners to operate the partnership stores they own. While operating three types of stores (pick-up stores, relax stores and delivery kitchens), we strategically focus on pick-up stores, which accounted for 96.5% of our total self-operated stores as of December 31, 2020. Our pick-up stores have limited seating and are typically located in areas with high demand for coffee, such as office buildings, commercial areas and university campuses. This enables us to stay close to our target coffee customers and expand rapidly with low rental and decoration costs. We launched our retail partnership model initiative in September 2019 and opened the first partnership store in October 2019. This retail partnership model will complement our existing store network expansion strategy and enable us to penetrate new markets, especially lower tier cities, more efficiently and with limited capital requirements.

By disrupting the status quo of the traditional coffee shop model, we have gained significant cost advantages and provided attractive value propositions to our customers.

Technology is at the core of our business. With our centralized technology system, we are able to simplify and standardize our operations to improve operational efficiency and to quickly expand and scale up our business. We leverage our operating experiences and deep understanding of the coffee market in China, which enable us to continually enhance our products and services, drive customer engagement and improve customer retention. We also leverage our proprietary technologies in store operations and supply chain to support our business, such as new store selection, inventory management and workforce management.

We offer premium coffee, tea and other high-quality products to our customers. We source premium Arabica coffee beans from prominent suppliers and engage World Barista Champion teams to design our coffee recipes. We procure coffee machines and coffee condiments from renowned global suppliers such as Schaerer. Our Italian blend coffee beans have won numerous awards, including the Gold Medal in the IIAC International Coffee Tasting competition in three consecutive years, 2018, 2019 and 2020. We launched our Newer Latte in September 2020 and SOE coffee series in November 2020, which became popular and were well received by consumers. We also won the Platinum Medal in the IIAC International Coffee Tasting competition in 2020 for the Yirgacheffe coffee beans used for our SOE products. In 2021, we launched our coconut series products, which became a fast-selling product series that generated social media attention. To diversify our product offering and provide different experiences for our customers, we also partner with reputable suppliers for other products such as tea and light meals.

We have also been able to cultivate a large and loyal customer base and achieve strong growth. We expanded from a single trial store in Beijing to 3,929 self-operated stores in 56 cities in China as of December 31, 2020. We had over 64.9 million cumulative transacting customers as of December 31, 2020. As of July 31, 2021, we had 4,030 self-operated stores, 1,293 partnership stores and 752 Luckin Coffee EXPRESS machines in China and had over 78.4 million cumulative transacting customers.

China’s coffee market is highly underpenetrated. Inconsistent quality, high prices and inconvenience have hampered the growth of the freshly brewed coffee market in China. We believe that our model has successfully driven mass market coffee consumption in China by addressing these pain points.

Our Mobile Apps

Our mobile apps offer customers a cashier-less environment, enabling them to purchase coffee, tea and other product items at their fingertips. Our mobile apps cover the entire customer purchase process with user-friendly interfaces. Through our mobile apps, our customers can easily choose the nearest store automatically recommended and view other store options, place orders in advance without queuing, make payment, watch live streams of the preparation of their drinks and receive real-time order status updates.

We offer an array of product selections, including coffee, tea, snacks, light meals and other products, and design our mobile apps to optimize the customer experiences. For example, once a customer adds his or her preference settings for a drink to favorites, our mobile apps will display their preference settings for the same drink the next time he or she places an order.

Our stores offer pick-up and/or delivery options. When placing orders, customers can choose between these two options and our mobile apps will give our customers estimated time for pick-ups or deliveries. Customers placing pick-up orders may specify the stores where they plan to pick up or dine-in. Delivery orders are assigned to the most suitable stores based on a number of factors such as the stores’ distance to the customers, order processing capacity and inventory.

Our mobile apps offer multiple payment options to our customers. We accept a variety of payment methods, including Weixin Pay, Alipay and Union Pay. Customers may also purchase our drinks using the vouchers stored in the “Coffee Wallet” of our Luckin mobile app.

To provide our customers with real-time updates on their orders, we have specially designed a live-streaming feature in our mobile apps to give our customers the option to watch the drinks preparation process. This feature helps us build trust among our customers and also offers them a novel customer experience.

39

Table of Contents

We notify customers via short messaging service, Weixin message and in-app notifications. This way, our customers can pick up their orders without queuing up at the stores. For delivery orders, we partner with our delivery service providers and provide real-time location, delivery rider contact details and estimated arrival time on our mobile apps. See “—Delivery Services.”

Furthermore, we have additional features on our mobile apps for corporate account customers. Our corporate clients may grant authorization to their employees so that their employees can place orders via the corporate account and enjoy corporate prices.

40

Table of Contents

Our Store Network

We believe we are one of the largest coffee networks in China in terms of number of stores as of December 31, 2020. Most of our stores are self-operated and located in the economically vibrant regions in China. We operate three types of stores, namely pick-up stores, relax stores and delivery kitchens, for different purposes. We strategically focus on pick-up stores, which are typically located in areas with high demand for coffee, such as office buildings, commercial areas and university campuses. This enables us to stay close to our target coffee customers and expand rapidly with low rental and decoration costs. We have continued to optimize our store portfolio during the second half of 2020. Following a detailed review of store performance, we strategically closed a substantial number of underperforming stores while opening new stores based on strict store opening criteria in strategic locations.

We opened our first trial store in October 2017, and have rapidly expanded our store network. As of December 31, 2020, we had 3,929 self-operated stores in operation, including 3,791 pick-up stores, 134 relax stores and four delivery kitchens. The table below sets forth a breakdown of our self-operated stores by store formats as of the dates indicated. Our self-operated store network covered 56 cities, the majority of which are tier I and tier II cities, as of December 31, 2020.

Pick-up Stores

We strategically focus on pick-up stores, which accounted for 96.5% of our stores as of December 31, 2020. Pick-up stores are small-sized stores where our customers can pick up their orders or have their orders delivered to them.

Our pick-up stores are typically located in areas with high demand for coffee, such as office buildings, commercial areas and university campuses. These stores generally range from 20 to 60 square meters in size and have limited seating. Such store set-up allows us to get closer to our coffee customers and expand rapidly by virtue of the low rental and decoration costs.

We leverage delivery services to achieve greater geographic coverage and serve more customers when we expand into new areas and cities. As our pick-up store network density increases, it becomes more convenient for customers to pick up orders from nearby stores. Our delivery orders as a percentage of total orders was 46.8%, 21.8% and 20.6% in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

Relax Stores

We open relax stores for branding purposes. Our relax stores accounted for 3.4% of our stores as of December 31, 2020. Relax stores are generally spacious and larger than 120 square meters in size.

Delivery Kitchens

We have opened delivery kitchens in order to achieve broader customer coverage. We sometimes expand into a new city or area initially in the form of delivery kitchens as they can be set up quickly with low costs. Since our delivery kitchens only serve delivery orders, we effectively reduce rental and decoration expenses. Once we have identified sufficient market demand and suitable sites for pickup stores, we typically close down the delivery kitchens and open pick-up stores to better serve the demands of our customers. As of December 31, 2020, delivery kitchens accounted for 0.1% of our stores. We closed all of our delivery kitchens as of July 31, 2021, as we have successfully scaled up our business.

Store Network Expansion and Development

Our store network strategically focuses on economically vibrant regions in China. We typically locate our self-operated stores in areas with high demand for coffee, such as office buildings, commercial areas and university campuses.

When entering a new city, we strategically set up pick-up stores and accumulate valuable operating experiences. We leverage such experiences and our understanding of consumer behavior to precisely identify customer demand and guide us for network expansion plan.

41

Table of Contents

Site Selection

Our headquarter formulates our national store expansion strategy and identifies potential sites for expansion. By leveraging our advanced technology platform, close cooperation with our city branches and our operational experience, we have developed site selection methodology which has significantly enhanced the effectiveness of our site selection. We have also devised a dedicated training program for our store development personnel, to pass on the relevant know-how to continuously optimize our site selection criteria.

Licenses and Compliance

We have standard internal protocols in place guiding city branches and strategic expansion team in obtaining necessary licenses and permits before opening our stores, including but not limited to business licenses, food operation licenses and environmental impact assessment filings. However, given local PRC administrative authorities vary in interpreting, implementing and enforcing relevant laws and regulations, we and our retail partners might not be able to obtain all applicable licenses and permits in a timely manner. See “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Any lack of requisite approvals, licenses or permits applicable to our business may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

Store Renovation and Other Preopening Preparation

We have an in-house renovation team responsible for the renovation and decoration of our self-operated stores. To maintain our consistent brand image and store quality, our headquarter prepares the design of all stores. We adopt standardized design for our pick- up stores and delivery kitchens, and such standardization allows us to carry out renovation procedures effectively, and recycle furnishing materials efficiently. In 2018, 2019 and 2020, the average renovation and decoration expenses per our self-operated store was around RMB189,000, RMB183,000 and RMB188,000, respectively.

As part of the preopening preparation, we install machines, equipment and procure raw materials as well as other materials and consumables. Typically, each of our self-operated stores is equipped with two to three coffee machines and other equipment, such as ice machine and freezer. In 2018, 2019 and 2020, the average expenses for the procurement of coffee machines per our self-operated store was around RMB116,000, RMB100,800 and RMB104,000, respectively. For more information on procurement, see “—Procurement.”

Retail Partnership Model

Since September 2019, we started to cooperate with selective partners to operate our partnership stores. As of December 31, 2020 and July 31, 2021, we had 874 and 1,293 partnership stores, respectively.

We leverage our retail partners to efficiently expand our footprint, and we strategically select our partners to penetrate lower-tier cities. The partnership stores, complementing our self-operated store network, enable us to penetrate new markets and generate revenue without significant investment in assets. Additionally, we are able to leverage our local partners to enhance our customer insight to further improve our product design and service capabilities.

Under our retail partnership model, we provide our retail partners with our storefront design and other marketing materials to ensure a consistent brand image. We also provide our partners with our logistics network, as well as raw materials and equipment. Most importantly, we provide training to our partners, and the products sold at our partnership stores are subject to our strict product quality control. To ensure our partnership stores comply with our standards, we conduct regular store operation reviews. We do not charge a franchise fee and will begin to share in the profits of our partners only when the partnership stores reach a certain profitability threshold. Such arrangement provides incentives for these partners to work with us.

Unmanned Retail Initiative

We officially launched our unmanned retail initiative in January 2020. Luckin Coffee EXPRESS is an unmanned machine that prepares and offers a selection of freshly brewed drinks. Luckin Pop Mini is an unmanned vending machine that offers a wide range of consumer products. As of July 31, 2021, we had 752 Luckin Coffee EXPRESS machines in operation. We have ceased the operation of Luckin Pop Mini since December 2020.

Our Product Offerings

We offer a wide variety of high-quality food and beverage items, mainly freshly brewed coffee and non-coffee drinks that have strong demand and can be produced in bulk with standardized process and consistent quality. We offer both hot and iced freshly brewed coffee such as Americano, Latte, Cappuccino, Macchiato, Flat White and Mocha, and from time to time also offer specialty coffee based on market and seasonal trends. Our coffee recipes are tailored to Chinese customers’ palette based on results of extensive study and research. In 2020, we launched our Newer Latte in September and SOE coffee series in November, which became popular on social media and were well received by consumers.

Tea drinks have become increasingly popular, particularly among young people in China. Catering to their preferences for tea drinks, we offer hot and iced freshly made tea drinks, such as milk tea, cheese tea and fruit tea. We also work with reputable suppliers to offer pre-made beverages and pre-made food items, such as pastries, sandwiches, and snacks.

In addition, we provide various “Luckin Pop” e-commerce offerings, such as our premium instant coffee, inspirational coffee cups, tote bags and other creative merchandises, in our mobile apps. Such diversity of our product offerings expand the foothold of our Luckin brand, enhance our brand power and increase customer loyalty.

42

Table of Contents

We are committed to maintaining and improving product quality. We source premium Arabica coffee beans from prominent suppliers and engage World Barista Champion teams to design our coffee recipes. We also source our premium SOE coffee beans in China (Yunnan) and Ethiopia. We procure coffee machines and coffee condiments from renowned global suppliers such as Schaerer. Our coffee beans have won numerous awards, including most recently the Gold Medal in the 2020 IIAC International Coffee Tasting competition. We also partner with reputable suppliers for our other products such as light meals. See “—Procurement.”

Delivery Services

We fulfill customer orders with speedy delivery so that they can enjoy our coffee, tea and other products on time. Our delivery fee schedule is competitively priced, and we offer our customers a discount on the delivery fee if the total order value (based on item list price) exceeds a certain threshold. We have outsourced delivery services to various selected delivery companies for orders made through our mobile apps, and have integrated our back-end system with those of our delivery service providers. This way, we are able to improve order-rider matching based on our store location, customer locations and real-time locations of delivery riders, and monitor and track the delivery process. In 2020, approximately 99.7% of our orders were delivered on time.

Customer Services

Leveraging our new retail model and strong technology capabilities, we stay connected with our customers and engage them virtually anytime, anywhere. We also offer our customers a cashier-less environment, limit their queuing time, and enable them to purchase coffee, tea and other product items at their fingertips. See “—Our Mobile Apps” and “—Our Store Network.”

Our mobile apps enable us to track each order placed with us. We evaluate and track our customers’ feedback 24/7 through our mobile apps, Weixin Official Account and other social media channels. Our customers can ask questions, provide reviews and file complaints through our mobile apps or Weixin Official Account or call our service representatives. We leverage self-service tools and AI-powered automated customer service chatbots to answer frequently asked questions from our customers efficiently, and also engage a dedicated customer service team to address more complicated issues.

We value our customers’ opinions and encourage our customers to give reviews. We regularly analyze our customer feedback, through which we identify causes of customer dissatisfaction and improve our products and services accordingly. To motivate and maintain high-quality customer service at storefronts, we consider customer feedback a key performance indicator when evaluating individual store performance.

Branding, Marketing and Sales

Since inception, we have successfully built a brand of distinguished value propositions—high quality, high convenience and high affordability. Our branding, marketing and sales efforts are driven by our strong technology capabilities. Our superior brand and distinguished value propositions allow us to expand our business through word-of-mouth.

We have adopted a multi-channel branding and advertising strategy. Our brand ambassadors include several world renowned baristas. We also collaborate with popular culture icons, sponsor events and movies, and initiate viral and interactive marketing and advertising.

We leverage our existing customer base and their social networks to promote our products. We also strategically place ads on social network platforms, such as Weixin, to attract customers. For instance, we place Weixin Moments ads, in which we provide our potential customers with the information of nearby new store openings, upcoming sales events and seasonal offerings. In addition, we frequently launch sales events, especially during holiday seasons, and offer discounts when we introduce new products. We offer special discounts to corporate clients and their employees to purchase our products. We have also cooperated with certain corporations, including well-known banks and airlines, to offer our products under their membership programs. Under such cooperation, the corporations typically order our products in bulk in advance, and their members can then redeem these products.

Starting from April 2020, we have implemented two cost-effective mechanisms to refine our customer operations, grow our customer base and increase our wallet share, which we believe are critical to our success. First, we leverage our operating experiences to deepen our understanding of the coffee market in China and to learn and discover patterns of customer behavior, so that we are able to improve our consumer experience and in turn to increase consumer engagement and sales of our products. Secondly, we endeavor to build private domain traffic in our Luckin mobile app, Weixin mini program and Weixin ecosystem, cultivating a comprehensive private domain ecosystem that enables us to acquire and retain our customers with continuous consumptions in an economical manner. In 2020, we successfully developed our Newer Latte series, a series of blockbuster products that went viral on social media and sold quickly, partially as a result of our marketing efforts and keen understanding of consumers.

Procurement

We source a variety of high-quality raw materials, including coffee beans, coffee condiments, ingredients, and tea leaves, as well as pre-made food and beverage items, from selected suppliers. We also purchase different machines, such as coffee machines, ice machines, packaging materials and other consumables in bulk from our suppliers. Due to our significant scale, we are able to procure high- quality products from our suppliers at favorable prices. We maintain good relationships with our suppliers, and as of the date of this annual report, we have not experienced any material supply shortages in connection with our cooperation with suppliers. However, we experienced a shortage in coconut juice supply due to the surging customer demand for our coconut series products in the second quarter of 2021.

We have a dedicated procurement team responsible for the procurement of raw materials, machines and equipment, packaging materials and consumables based on inventory availability, number of stores and marketing events, and leverages the inventory analysis of our smart supply chain management system to decide order placement. We have designed stringent food safety and quality control standards and enforced comprehensive food safety and quality control measures covering supplier selection, quality inspection and testing.

43

Table of Contents

Coffee Beans

Suppliers

We source premium green coffee beans from renowned plantations in China (Yunnan), Guatemala, Brazil, Ethiopia, Colombia, among others. To solidify our control over the process of sourcing and roasting coffee beans, we only cooperate with selective coffee bean suppliers and endeavor to construct and operate our own coffee roasting plants. As of the date of this annual report, our main roasted coffee bean suppliers include an affiliate of Yeuan Yeou Enterprise Co., Ltd., a well-known roasting company in Taiwan, and Luckin Coffee Roasting (Pingnan) Co., Ltd., one of our PRC subsidiaries. We have been negotiating with coffee bean providers who are interested in investing in our coffee roasting plants.

Quality Control

We set detailed specifications for the raw coffee beans procured by our roasted coffee bean suppliers, including size, taste and moisture based on their origin and grades. Together with our roasted coffee bean suppliers, we screen for defective beans in each batch of raw coffee beans through sampling to ensure that they meet our specifications before admitting them to roasting.

We set the quality control standards for the testing process of roasted coffee beans. We work with our coffee bean suppliers and a third-party inspection agency in conducting various testing on roasted coffee beans. Our roasted coffee bean suppliers conduct the first round of physical and chemical properties testing on the roasted coffee beans, and deliver the batches that passed the test to us.

Upon receipt, we conduct another round of similar testing together with a third-party inspection agency, and return any batch with high defect rate.

Condiments and Ingredients

Suppliers

Coffee condiments, mainly dairy products and syrup, are crucial to the overall quality of our coffee. We source our dairy products, mainly milk and cream, from leading suppliers to ensure their freshness and syrup mainly from distributors of imported syrup. We also source ingredients such as fruits from leading suppliers to ensure that we provide high-quality products for our customers.

Quality Control

Similar to coffee beans, we have in place stringent quality control measures regarding condiments and ingredients. For example, we work with our dairy suppliers in conducting various testing on dairy products.

Tea Leaves and Tea Powder Suppliers

We source various kinds of premium tea leaves, including green tea, Oolong tea and black tea, and tea powder, such as matcha, from leading suppliers to ensure their fresh taste and aroma.

Quality Control

We set detailed specifications for the tea leaves procured by our suppliers, including weight and packaging requirements, places of origin, shape, fragrance and color of tea leaves. We conduct sample testing on tea leaves before preparing our tea drinks and reject any products which fail to meet our standards.